Sometimes divers¹, to their own painful dismay（沮丧，灰心） , do belly² flops⁴（胸腹先着水的跳水动作） . But did you ever see a frog belly flop³? That's just what primitive⁵（原始的，远古的） living frogs do, according to a new study by Dr. Richard Essner, from Southern Illinois University Edwardsville in the US, and colleagues, looking at the evolution of frog jumping and landing. They found that frogs became proficient⁶（熟练的，精通的） at jumping before they perfected landing. This evolutionary⁷ split, characterized by an inability to rapidly rotate the limbs forward during flight in order to land front legs first, might also explain why primitive frogs' back legs are out-of-phase with one another when they swim. Essner's work is published in Springer's journal Naturwissenschaften. Prior to this research, it had generally been assumed that all frogs jumped in a similar manner by rapidly extending their back legs during the propulsive⁸（推进的） phase and rotating the limbs forward during flight so that they could land front legs first. However, no studies had looked at the jumping behavior of the most primitive living frogs of the family Leiopelmatidae, which uniquely among frogs use a trot-like rather than a frog-kick swimming gait（步法，步态） .

Essner and team compared the jumping behavior of leiopelmatids with that of more advanced frogs. They analyzed⁹ video footage from 5 species – 3 primitive (Ascaphus montanus, Leiopelma pakeka, and L. hochstetteri) and 2 advanced (Bombina orientalis and Lithobates pipiens).

They found that although launch movements were similar among the species, primitive frogs maintained extended back legs throughout their flight and landing phases and did not land on their front legs. These belly flop landings limited their ability to jump again quickly.

According to Essner, this unique behavior of leiopelmatids shows that the evolution of jumping in frogs was a two-step process with symmetrical（匀称的，对称的） back leg extension jumping appearing first and mid-flight back leg recovery and landing on forelimbs appearing later. The frogs' inability to rapidly cycle the limbs may also provide a functional¹⁰ explanation for the absence of synchronous¹¹（同步的，同时的） swimming in leiopelmatids. It is also plausible¹² that the reason these primitive frogs have unusual anatomical features such as large, shield-shaped pelvic cartilage and abdominal¹³ ribs¹⁴ is to prevent damage to their internal soft tissues and organs during uncontrolled landing.

The authors conclude: "The simple shift to early hind¹⁵ limb（后肢） recovery may have been a key feature in the evolutionary history of frogs, facilitating controlled terrestrial landings and enabling rapid repetition of jumping and swimming cycles. These changes may have offered advantages for longer distance locomotion¹⁶（运动，旅行） , better landing postures¹⁷ and improved predator¹⁸ avoidance and foraging¹⁹（觅食） ."