School-aged¹ children who undergo cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB心肺转流) during surgery for less complicated congenital（先天的，天生的） heart defects do not appear to suffer any impairments（损伤，损害） in neurocognitive abilities, such as intelligence, memory, motor skills and behavior. Researchers from The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, in a study in the August issue of Pediatrics, reported on neuropsychological effects after surgery for acyanotic heart defects. Acyanotic heart defects, which include abnormal heart valves or a hole between the heart's chambers³, are milder and less complex than heart defects which require surgery during infancy⁴.

"Most previous studies of the neurocognitive effects of CPB for pediatric（小儿科的） heart surgery have focused on surgery during infancy for complex congenital heart disease," said Michael Quartermain, M.D., pediatric cardiologist and primary investigator⁵ of the study. "Those children often have multiple risk factors for cognitive² decline, such as genetic⁶ syndromes⁷, abnormal brain development and the need for multiple operations. We decided⁸ to minimize those confounding factors（混合因素） by focusing on a group of asymptomatic（无症状的） older children with isolated⁹ heart disease, and the results are encouraging."

In a prospective¹⁰ study of children aged 5 to 18 years undergoing repair of less complex congenital heart disease, the researchers compared 35 children undergoing open-heart surgery with 19 non-cardiac surgical¹¹ patients and 12 non-surgical control patients. The researchers administered an in-depth neurospsychological battery of tests including assessment¹² of intelligence, memory, motor skills, attention, and behavior to all children in the study both before and six months after surgery. The researchers reported no significant differences between the bypass and non-bypass groups, with improvements in post-operative cognitive testing seen across the board.

"Cardiopulmonary bypass has long been implicated¹³ as a causative factor in abnormal neurocognitive outcomes after cardiac surgery, said Dr. Quartermain. "However, in this study which controlled for the non-bypass effects of open-heart surgery, there was no significant decrease in neuropsychological status in these children and adolescents six months after surgery."

He added that larger, multicenter and longer-term studies should further investigate this question, but that based on the current results, physicians who refer children and adolescents for surgical repair of acyanotic heart defects can be comfortable reassuring¹⁴ families of these findings regarding potential neuropsychological side effects of open-heart surgery.

The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia recently launched a unique multidisciplinary（有关各种学问的） , long-term follow-up program to assess congenital heart patients for neurodevelopmental（神经发育的） complications, learning disabilities and behavioral concerns, such as ADHD. In the NeuroCardiac Care Program, children and their families are evaluated by a pediatric cardiologist, pediatric neurologist, developmental pediatrician, occupational and physical therapists, a speech and language pathologist, a dietician and social worker – all during one outpatient（门诊病人） visit.