New satellite imagery has given scientists the most comprehensive and exact data on the distribution and decline of mangrove¹（红树林） forests from across the world. The research, carried out by scientists from the U.S Geological Survey and NASA, is published in Global Ecology and Biogeography, and reveals forest distribution is 12.3% smaller than earlier estimates. Mangrove forests are among the most productive and biologically important ecosystems² of the world, including trees, palms and shrubs³（灌木） which grow at tropical and subtropical tidal（潮汐的） zones across the equator（赤道） . Now scientists can use the world's most definitive⁴ map of the Earth's mangrove forest to reveal that approximately 53,190 square miles (137, 760 km2) of mangroves exist, substantially less than previous estimates.

"Our assessment⁵ shows, for the first time, the exact extent and distribution of mangrove forests of the world at 30 meters spatial⁶ resolution（空间分辨率） , the highest resolution ever," said Dr Chandra Giri from USGS. "This reveals that 75% of the remaining forest is found in just 15 countries, out of which only ~6.9% is protected under the existing protected areas network."

Mangrove forests have adapted to the most severe environmental conditions thriving in regions of high salinity⁷（盐度，盐分） , scorching⁸（灼热的，激烈的） temperatures and extreme tides across the equator. However, increasingly human activity and frequent severe storms have taken their toll⁹, resulting in a loss rate for mangrove forests higher than the loss of inland tropical forests and coral reefs（珊瑚礁） .

"The current estimate of mangrove forests of the world is less than half what it once was, and much of that is in a degraded condition," said Giri. "It is believed that 35% of mangrove forests were lost from 1980 to 2000 which has had an impact on the coastal¹⁰ communities that use mangrove forests as a protective barrier from natural disasters such as hurricanes and tsunamis¹¹."

Using data from the NASA satellite Giri and an international team, including 30 student interns¹²（实习生） and visiting scientists from across the world, analysed more than 1,000 'Landsat' scenes using digital image classification techniques. This enormous task allowed the team to slowly piece together（拼凑） the world's most accurate map of mangrove distribution.

This work represents the most comprehensive global database of mangrove forests ever created and has revealed that the world's remaining mangrove forests are spread across 118 countries and territories. Asia has 42% of the world's mangroves, followed by 21% in Africa, 15% in North and Central America, 12% in Oceania and 11% in South America.

"The mapping of mangrove forests at this resolution, on a global scale, has never been attempted, partly due to cost and computation limitations," concluded Dr Garik Gutman, from the NASA Land Cover/Land-Use Change Program which funded the project.

"The Global Land Survey data produced by NASA and USGS has enabled worldwide land cover projects like this, because pre-processing global coverage¹³ of Landsat data at project levels is a gigantic task."