17 September 2010: Research at the University of Liverpool could lead to faster and more accurate diagnoses of liver damage. The team used paracetamol（扑热息痛） as the basis for the study: research indicates that paracetamol can place temporary stress on the liver in around a third of people who take a normal dose (4g per day) but the liver returns to normal when the drug has left the system. Overdoses of the drug are a major cause of liver failure in both the UK and US.

Scientists have discovered that the presence of specific proteins in the blood are indicative of early liver cell damage and can determine the point at which cell death occurred, the type of cell death, and the extent of any damage. This could lead to liver damage being assessed faster and more accurately¹ in the future – information which could prove valuable when treating people following drug overdoses.

The current blood test used by clinicians to assess liver function simply indicates whether liver enzymes² leaking from dying cells can be detected in the blood. The test is not always reliable because positive results are often, but not always, an indicator³ of serious underlying⁴ liver problems.

Scientists induced a mild paracetamol overdose in mice and discovered that proteins released by cells in the liver – HMGB1 and keratin（角蛋白） 18 – provided a detailed⁵ picture of the level of cell damage. The release of HMGB1 was associated with necrosis（坏死） – a process in which a cell bursts and dies – while the release of different types of keratin 18 was associated with both apoptosis（细胞死亡） – a process of normal cell renewal⁶ – and necrosis. This latter combination of both types of cell death is significantly less traumatic for the liver than necrosis alone in paracetamol overdose.

Pharmacologist, Dr Dominic Williams, from the University's Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, said: "The findings are significant because knowing how the cells die will allow development of medicines to help them survive, and may also distinguish patients who have severe injury and require intensive care from those who have mild injury.

"The research has implications for determining how much stress has been placed on the liver in patients who are worried about an accidental overdose, as well as the more serious overdose cases."