Type 1 diabetes¹ (T1D), formerly² known as juvenile³（青少年） diabetes, is a multifactorial（多因子的） disease of complex etiology（病因学） characterized by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic（胰腺的） beta cells. In addition to genetic⁵ susceptibility, it is generally accepted that environmental factors play important roles in triggering disease, with virus infection having perhaps the strongest association. Multiple viral infections（病毒性感染） including cytomegalovirus（巨细胞病毒） , mumps⁶（流行性腮腺炎） , rubella（风疹） , enteroviruses（肠道病毒） , and parvovirus（细小病毒） have all been associated with human T1D. Indeed, the effects of diverse viruses in triggering T1D may explain the heterogeneous⁷（多相的，异种的） nature of disease onset⁸ and kinetics（动力学） in the general population. The recent availability of novel immunomodulatory therapies that may preserve residual⁹ beta cell mass in new onset diabetics has generated a demand for noninvasive testable biomarkers that can identify the development of the autoreactive process before it becomes clinically apparent. In the work published in the November issue of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Kruger and coworkers have utilized¹⁰ several well-established rat models of virus-induced T1D to search for serum¹¹（血清） biomarkers that occur early in disease development. Annie Kruger, working together with Rita Bortell and other colleagues at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, carried out the work. Dr. Kruger, a recent MD/PhD graduate, investigated the viral induction¹² of autoimmune diabetes as part of her PhD thesis.

In a proteomics（蛋白质组） study of serum from rats treated with diabetogenic virus, the research team utilized 2D gel analysis and mass spectrometry and found increased levels of serum haptoglobin（触珠蛋白） very early in the time course of diabetes induction. This result was confirmed by western and ELISA analyses, and sustained elevations¹³ of serum haptoglobin were generally predictive of ensuing diabetes. "Intriguingly," Dr. Bortell stated, "mutations in the human haptoglobin gene⁴ are associated with increased risk of diabetic complications such as retinopathy（视网膜病） , nephropathy（肾病） and cardiovascular（心血管的） disease. In our rat studies, however, haptoglobin was identified very early following virus infection, well prior to the development of diabetes or its complications, and thus may represent a biomarker for the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes as well."

To the researchers' knowledge, this is the first study that investigates T1D serum biomarkers found specifically in response to virus infection. Dr. Bortell said "As virus infections have historically been associated with the development of T1D in children, these rat models have particular relevance¹⁴ to the human disease. Reliably identifying children in the earliest phases of diabetes (pre-diabetes) would provide clinicians with a window of opportunity when pharmacotherapy（药物疗法） could be most effective in slowing or halting the disease."

Steven R. Goodman, Editor-in-Chief of Experimental Biology and Medicine, said "Kruger et al have identified haptoglobin as an early serum biomarker predictive of virus-induced T1D utilizing¹⁵ well-known rat models. This discovery, in conjunction with（连同，共同） established markers of genetic susceptibility, should prove useful in identifying those children at risk for T1D."