Using stem cell technology, reproductive（生殖的） scientists in Texas, led by Dr. Richard R. Berhringer at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, have produced male and female mice from two fathers. The study was posted today (Wednesday, December 8) at the online site of the journal Biology of Reproduction.

The achievement of two-father offspring in a species of mammal could be a step toward preserving endangered species, improving livestock¹（牲畜，家畜） breeds, and advancing human assisted reproductive technology (ART). It also opens the provocative²（刺激的，挑拨的） possibility of same-sex couples having their own genetic³ children, the researchers note.

In the work reported today, the Behringer team manipulated fibroblasts（纤维母细胞） from a male (XY) mouse fetus⁴ to produce an induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell line. About one percent of iPS cell colonies grown from this XY cell line spontaneously lost the Y chromosome⁵, resulting in XO cells. The XO iPS cells were injected into blastocysts（囊胚） from donor⁶ female mice. The treated blastocysts were transplanted into surrogate mothers, which gave birth to female XO/XX chimeras⁷ having one X chromosome from the original male mouse fibroblast.

The female chimeras, carrying oocytes derived⁸ from the XO cells, were mated with normal male mice. Some of the offspring were male and female mice that had genetic contributions from two fathers.

According to the authors, "Our study exploits iPS cell technologies to combine the alleles（等位基因） from two males to generate male and female progeny⁹（子孙，后裔） , i.e. a new form of mammalian reproduction."

The technique described in this study could be applied¹⁰ to agriculturally important animal species to combine desirable genetic traits（特性） from two males without having to outcross（异型杂交） to females with diverse traits.

"It is also possible that one male could produce both oocytes and sperm¹¹ for self-fertilization to generate male and female progeny," the scientists point out. Such a technique could be valuable for preserving species when no females remain.

In the future, it may also be possible to generate human oocytes from male iPS cells in vitro（在体外） . Used in conjunction with in vitro fertilization, this would eliminate the need for female XO/XX chimeras, although a surrogate mother would still be needed to carry the two-father pregnancy¹² to term.

Using a variation of the iPS technique, the researchers say "it may also be possible to generate sperm from a female donor and produce viable¹³ male and female progeny with two mothers."

The authors also caution that the "generation of human iPS cells still requires significant refinements¹⁴ prior to their use for therapeutic¹⁵ purposes."