A benchtop（台式） version of the world's smallest battery — its anode（阳极，正极） a single nanowire one seven-thousandth the thickness of a human hair —has been created by a team led by Sandia National Laboratories researcher Jianyu Huang. To better study the anode's characteristics, the tiny rechargeable, lithium-based battery was formed inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM透射电子显微镜) at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), a Department of Energy research facility jointly¹ operated by Sandia and Los Alamos national laboratories. Says Huang of the work, reported in the Dec. 10 issue of the journal Science, "This experiment enables us to study the charging and discharging of a battery in real time and at atomic scale resolution, thus enlarging our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms² by which batteries work."

Because nanowire-based materials in lithium ion batteries have better potential than bulk electrodes for significant improvements in power and energy density³, more stringent⁴ investigations⁵ of nanowire operating properties should improve new generations of plug-in hybrid⁶ electric vehicles, laptops and cell phones.

"What motivated our work," says Huang, "is that lithium ion batteries [LIB] have very important applications, but the low energy and power densities⁷ of current LIBs cannot meet the demand. To improve performance, we wanted to understand LIBs from the bottom up, and we thought in-situ TEM could bring new insights to the problem."

Battery research groups do use nanomaterials as anodes, but in bulk rather than individually — a process, Huang says, that resembles "looking at a forest and trying to understand the behavior of an individual tree."

The tiny battery created by Huang and co-workers consists of a single tin oxide⁸ nanowire anode 100 nanometers in diameter and 10 micrometers long, a bulk lithium cobalt oxide cathode three millimeters long, and an ionic liquid electrolyte. The device offers the ability to directly observe change in atomic structure during charging and discharging of the individual "trees."

An unexpected find of the researchers was that the tin oxide nanowire rod nearly doubles in length during charging — far more than its diameter increases — a fact that could help avoid short circuits that may shorten battery life. "Manufacturers should take account of this elongation（伸长，延长） in their battery design," Huang said. (The common belief of workers in the field had been that batteries swell⁹（膨胀） across their diameter, not longitudinally.)

Huang's group found this result by following the progression of the lithium ions as they travel along the nanowire and create what researchers christened the "Medusa front" — an area where high density of mobile dislocations cause the nanowire to bend and wiggle（摆动） as the front progresses. The web of dislocations is caused by lithium penetration¹⁰ of the crystalline lattice（晶格） . "These observations also prove that nanowires can sustain large stress (>10 GPa) induced by lithiation without breaking, indicating that nanowires are very good candidates for battery electrodes," said Huang.