A new species of parrot-sized dinosaur¹, the first discovered with only one finger, has been unearthed²（发掘，破获） in Inner Mongolia, China. Scientists named the new dinosaur Linhenykus monodactylus, after the nearby city of Linhe. The work is published online today in Proceedings³ of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

The new dinosaur belongs to the Alvarezsauroidea, a branch of the carnivorous（食肉的） dinosaur group Theropoda. Theropods gave rise to modern birds and include such famous dinosaurs⁴ as Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor.

An international team of palaeontologists（古生物学家） found the fossil preserved in rocks of the Upper Cretaceous Wulansuhai Formation, which is located near the border between Mongolia and China. The formation dates to 84-75 million years ago and has yielded a rich trove⁵（被发现的东西） of vertebrate fossils including the recently discovered theropod（兽脚亚目的） Linheraptor exquisitus. The authors uncovered a partial skeleton from the site, which included bones of the vertebral column, the forelimb, a partial pelvis（骨盆） and nearly complete hind⁶ limbs.

Linhenykus most likely grew to a couple of feet tall and weighed only as much as a large parrot. The new theropod is unusual in having just one large claw, which may have been used to dig into insect nests, on each of its hands. This feature makes the specimen⁷ the only known dinosaur with one finger, and highlights the wide variety of evolutionary⁸ modifications⁹ of the hand that existed in different theropods.

Michael Pittman of the Department of Earth Sciences at University College London, co-author and discoverer of the specimen said: "Non-avian theropods start with five fingers but evolved to have only three fingers in later forms. Tyrannosaurs were unusual in having just two fingers but the one-fingered Linhenykus shows how extensive and complex theropod hand modifications really were."

Most theropod dinosaurs have three fingers on each hand, but in most alvarezsauroids other than Linhenykus the two outer fingers are reduced to tiny, apparently¹⁰ useless structures. The presence of only one finger in Linhenykus, which is hypothesized to be a relatively¹¹ primitive¹² alvarezsauroid, shows that these vestigial（退化的，残余的） fingers were not present in all members of the group. The reasons for the loss of the two outer fingers in Linhenykus are unclear, and their disappearance¹³ may simply reflect the fact that they were no longer being actively¹⁴ maintained by natural selection.

Jonah Choiniere, co-author and co-discoverer of the specimen from the Division of Paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History said: "Vestigial structures, like legs in whales and snakes, may appear and disappear seemingly randomly¹⁵ in the course of evolution. Linhenykus highlights the vestigiality of the outer fingers of advanced alvarezsauroids and underscores the complexity¹⁶ in evolution of these vestigial fingers."

Linhenykus lived with closely-related and similarly-sized theropod dinosaurs, but the specializations of its skeleton may reflect differences in behaviour or foraging¹⁷ strategy. Linhenykus also lived alongside small mammals, lizards¹⁸, clubbed（棒状的） dinosaurs (ankylosaurs) and horned dinosaurs (ceratopsians).