Scientists at the Institut Pasteur and the University of Maryland have revealed how bacterial¹ and archaea（古生菌） microbes successfully evolve their gene² repertoires³（全部节目） to face new challenges, predominantly by acquiring genes⁵ from other individuals. The study, published in the open-access journal PLoS Genetics on January 27, was instigated⁶（唆使，煽动） to clarify the role of gene duplication, an important source of novelty in multicellular organisms, in bacteria. Microbes live and thrive in incredibly diverse and harsh conditions, from boiling or freezing water to the human immune system. This remarkable⁷ adaptability⁸ results from their ability to quickly modify their repertoire⁴ of protein functions by gaining, losing and modifying their genes. Microbes were known to modify genes to expand their repertoire of protein families in two ways: via duplication processes followed by slow functional⁹ specialization, in the same way as large multicellular organisms like us, and by acquiring different genes directly from other microbes. The latter process, known as horizontal gene transfer (HGT), is notoriously conspicuous¹⁰（显著的） in the spread of antibiotic¹¹ resistance, turning some bacteria into drug-resistant 'superbugs' such as MRSA (methocillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), a serious public health concern.

The researchers examined a large database of microbial genomes, including some of the most virulent¹²（剧毒的，恶性的） human pathogens, to discover whether duplication or HGT was the most common expansion method. They show that gene family expansion can indeed follow both routes, but unlike large multicellular organisms, it predominantly takes place by horizontal transfer. Thus, quick diversification¹³（多样化） of microbial functions results from the recruitment by microbes of pre-existing adaptations from other microbes.

The study concludes with the observation that, since microbes invented the majority of life's biochemical diversity, from respiration¹⁴（呼吸） to photosynthesis¹⁵（光合作用） , we must recognize the predominant（主要的，卓越的） role of HGT in the diversification of all protein families.