Those light-emitting diodes marketed as safe, environmentally preferable alternatives to traditional lightbulbs actually contain lead, arsenic1（砷，砒霜） and a dozen other potentially hazardous2 substances, according to newly published research. "LEDs are touted3 as the next generation of lighting4. But as we try to find better products that do not deplete5（耗尽） energy resources or contribute to global warming, we have to be vigilant6 about the toxicity8 hazards of those marketed as replacements," said Oladele Ogunseitan, chair of UC Irvine's Department of Population Health & Disease Prevention.
He and fellow scientists at UCI and UC Davis crunched10, leached11（过滤） and measured the tiny, multicolored lightbulbs sold in Christmas strands12; red, yellow and green traffic lights; and automobile13 headlights and brake lights. Their findings? Low-intensity red lights contained up to eight times the amount of lead allowed under California law, but in general, high-intensity, brighter bulbs had more contaminants than lower ones. White bulbs had the least lead, but contained high amounts of nickel.
"We find the low-intensity red LEDs exhibit significant cancer and noncancer potentials due to the high content of arsenic and lead," the team wrote in the January 2011 issue of Environmental Science & Technology, referring to the holiday lights. Results from the larger lighting products will be published later, but according to Ogunseitan, "it's more of the same."
Lead, arsenic and many additional metals discovered in the bulbs or their related parts have been linked in hundreds of studies to different cancers, neurological damage, kidney disease, hypertension, skin rashes（皮疹） and other illnesses. The copper14 used in some LEDs also poses an ecological15 threat to fish, rivers and lakes.
Ogunseitan said that breaking a single light and breathing fumes16 would not automatically cause cancer, but could be a tipping point on top of chronic17 exposure to another carcinogen（致癌物质） . And – noting that lead tastes sweet – he warned that small children could be harmed if they mistake the bright lights for candy.
Risks are present in all parts of the lights and at every stage during production, use and disposal, the study found. Consumers, manufacturers and first responders to accident scenes ought to be aware of this, Ogunseitan said. When bulbs break at home, residents should sweep them up with a special broom while wearing gloves and a mask, he advised. Crews dispatched to clean up car crashes or broken traffic fixtures18 should don protective gear and handle the material as hazardous waste. Currently, LEDs are not classified as toxic7 and are disposed of in regular landfills. Ogunseitan has forwarded the study results to California and federal health regulators.
He cites LEDs as a perfect example of the need to mandate19 product replacement9 testing. The diodes are widely hailed as safer than compact fluorescent20 bulbs, which contain dangerous mercury. But, he said, they weren't properly tested before being marketed as the preferred alternative to inefficient21 incandescent22（炽热的） bulbs, now being phased out under California law. A long-planned state regulation originally set to take effect Jan. 1 would have required advance testing of such replacement products. But it was opposed by industry groups, a less stringent23 version was substituted, and Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger placed the law on hold days before he left office.
"I'm frustrated24, but the work continues," said Ogunseitan, a member of the state Department of Toxic Substances Control's Green Ribbon Science Panel. He said makers25 of LEDs and other items could easily reduce chemical concentrations or redesign them with truly safer materials. "Every day we don't have a law that says you cannot replace an unsafe product with another unsafe product, we're putting people's lives at risk," he said. "And it's a preventable risk."
收听单词发音 
