Let algae¹（海藻） do the dirty work. Researchers at Rochester Institute of Technology are developing biodiesel（生物柴油） from microalgae grown in wastewater. The project is doubly "green" because algae consume nitrates and phosphates and reduce bacteria and toxins³ in the water. The end result: clean wastewater and stock for a promising⁴ biofuel.

The purified wastewater can be channeled back into receiving bodies of water at treatment plants, while the biodiesel can fuel buses, construction vehicles and farm equipment. Algae could replace diesel²'s telltale（迹象，指示器） black puffs⁵ of exhaust with cleaner emissions⁶ low in the sulfur⁷ and particulates⁸ that accompany fossil fuels.

Algae have a lot of advantages. They are cheaper and faster to grow than corn, which requires nutrient-rich soil, fertilizer and insecticide. Factor in the fuel used to harvest and transport corn and ethanol starts to look complicated.

In contrast, algae are much simpler organisms. They use photosynthesis⁹（光合作用） to convert sunlight into energy. They need only water—ponds or tanks to grow in—sunlight and carbon dioxide.

"Algae—as a renewable feedstock—grow a lot quicker than crops of corn or soybeans," says Eric Lannan, who is working on his master's degree in mechanical engineering at RIT. "We can start a new batch¹⁰ of algae about every seven days. It's a more continuous source that could offset¹¹ 50 percent of our total gas use for equipment that uses diesel."

Cold weather is an issue for biodiesel fuels.

"The one big drawback is that biodiesel does freeze at a higher temperature," says Jeff Lodge¹², associate professor of biological sciences at RIT. "It doesn't matter what kind of diesel fuel you have, if it gets too cold, the engine's not starting. It gels up. It's possible to blend various types of biodiesel—algae derived¹³ with soybeans or some other type—to generate a biodiesel with a more favorable pour point that flows easily."

Lannan's graduate research in biofuels led him to Lodge's biology lab. With the help of chemistry major Emily Young, they isolated¹⁴ and extracted valuable fats, or lipids, algae produce and yielded tiny amounts of a golden-colored biodiesel. They are growing the alga strain Scenedesmus, a single-cell organism, using wastewater from the Frank E. Van Lare Wastewater Treatment Plant in Irondequoit, N.Y.

"It's key to what we're doing here," Lodge says. "Algae will take out all the ammonia—99 percent—88 percent of the nitrate and 99 percent of the phosphate from the wastewater — all those nutrients¹⁵ you worry about dumping into the receiving water. In three to five days, pathogens（病原体） are gone. We've got data to show that the coliform counts are dramatically reduced below the level that's allowed to go out into Lake Ontario."

Lodge and Lannan ramped¹⁶ up their algae production from 30 gallons of wastewater in a lab at RIT to 100 gallons in a 4-foot-by-7-foot long tank at Environmental Energy Technologies, an RIT spinoff. Lannan's graduate thesis advisor¹⁷ Ali Ogut, professor of mechanical engineering, is the company's president and CTO. In the spring, the researchers will build a mobile greenhouse at the Irondequoit wastewater treatment plant and scale up production to as much as 1,000 gallons of wastewater.

Northern Biodiesel, located in Wayne County, will purify the lipids（脂肪，油脂） from the algae and convert them into biodiesel for the RIT researchers.