A new paper by University of Calgary researchers, published today in PLoS ONE, demonstrates the edge given to prey¹ in the "space race" by human activity. The research was conducted by two University of Calgary students, a University of Calgary Post-Doctoral Fellow and two University of Calgary professors from the Faculty² of Environmental Design, Department of Geomatics（测绘学） in the Schulich School of Engineering and the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine（兽医） . The research looked at how predator³-prey interactions and use of space were influenced by human activity.

The team deployed⁴ 43 digital camera traps at randomly⁵ selected locations along roads and trails within a research area on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains in southwest Alberta from April to November of 2008. Large predator（捕食者） animals in the study area consisted of wolves, black bears, grizzly⁶（灰色的） bears and cougars⁷（美洲狮） . While the large herbivore（食草动物） species monitored were moose（驼鹿） , elk⁸（麋鹿） , white-tailed deer, mule⁹ deer and cattle.

They found that humans and prey species co-occurred together more often than humans and predators¹⁰ at camera sites, and that predators and prey were less likely to be in the same area if there was heavy human traffic. Their results showed that prey were three times more abundant on roads and trails used by more than 32 humans a day, but predators were less abundant on roads and trails used by more than 18 humans a day.

"The research shows that humans might displace large mammalian predators," says Tyler Muhly, corresponding author of the paper and a PhD graduate from the Faculty of Environmental Design at the University of Calgary (currently with Alberta Innovates¹¹ Technology Futures). "This provides a positive indirect effect on large mammalian prey species that are less sensitive to humans."

The research suggests that limiting human use of roads and trails in wildlife areas to less than 18 people a day might reduce the effects on the large mammalian food web, but a growing human population means that the effects on wildlife food webs will likely increase.