Scientists are collaborating¹ on a new international research project to identify antibiotics³ that can kill tuberculosis⁴ and fight resistant⁵ strains. "We want to accelerate the discovery of new compounds that can be turned into effective drugs," said Professor Tony Maxwell from the John Innes Centre, a key player in "More Medicines for Tuberculosis", a new European research project.

Two billion people are currently infected with TB and three million die every year. TB causes more deaths than any other infectious disease. Rates are increasing, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where people with HIV are particularly vulnerable. It is also associated with intravenous（静脉内的） drug use and increased rates may be linked to immigration.

"The bacterium⁶ is difficult to get at," said Professor Maxwell. "It is slow growing, spends a lot of time hidden in cells before it makes itself known, and has very tough cell walls of its own."

Treatment is relatively⁷ long term, requiring a drug regime over four to six months. Non-compliance is a problem, exacerbating⁸ the challenge caused by resistant strains.

"Drug discovery research for tuberculosis is dependent on academic labs and no single lab can do it", said Professor Maxwell.

Scientists from 25 labs across Europe will collaborate⁹ on the new project including some groups in the US and India.

The John Innes Centre scientists will focus on compounds that target DNA¹⁰ gyrase（旋转酶） , a target that they have already established as effective and safe. They will receive compounds from European collaborators including AstraZeneca. They will screen those that knock out DNA gyrase. Their research will continue on those compounds that are effective both against the target (DNA gyrase) and the bacterium.

Working on new compounds to hit known targets, rather than compounds that may struggle to access bacterial¹¹ cells or that may have unknown effects in humans, will provide a quicker route to clinical trials.

"Finding new antibiotics that work is only the first step," warns Professor Maxwell.

The next stage will be to determine how exactly the antibiotic² compound operates and whether it has a hope of working in a clinical environment.

One group of compounds under study at JIC are naphthoquinones, originally extracted from plants including the toothbrush tree, Euclea natalensis.