Easy-to-follow recipes for radioactive compounds like those found in nuclear fuel storage pools, liquid waste containment¹ areas and other contaminated aqueous（水的） environments have been developed by researchers at Sandia National Laboratories. "The need to understand the chemistry of these compounds has never been more urgent, and these recipes facilitate their study," principal investigator² May Nyman said of her group's success in encouraging significant amounts of relevant compounds to self-assemble.

The trick to the recipes is choosing the right templates（模板，范本） . These are atoms or molecules³ that direct the growth of compounds in much the way islands act as templates for coral reefs.

The synthesized materials are stable, pure and can be studied in solution or as solids, making it easier to investigate their chemistry, transport properties and related phases.

The compounds are bright yellow, soluble⁴ peroxides（过氧化物） of uranium called uranyl（铀酰） peroxide. These and related compounds may be present in any liquid medium used in the nuclear fuel cycle. They also appear in the environment from natural or human causes.

Made with relatively⁵ inexpensive and safe depleted⁶ uranium, the recipes may be adapted to include other, more radioactive metals such as neptunium, whose effects are even more important to study, Nyman said.

Cesium — an element of particular concern in its radioactive form — proved to be, chemically, an especially favored template for the compounds to self-assemble.

The work was done as part of the Actinide Materials Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Frontiers Research Center (EFRC) led by professor Peter Burns at Notre Dame⁷ University. Using the new method, researchers at the University of California-Davis are studying how materials behave in water and in different thermal⁸（热的） environments, while researchers at DOE's Savannah River Site study the analogous⁹（类似的） behavior of neptunium（镎） .