If you think yeast¹ is most useful for beer and pizza crust（外壳，面包皮） , here's something else to chew on: a team of U.S. researchers has identified and compared the genetic² codes for all known species of yeasts³ closely related to bakers⁴' and brewers' yeast. This information, published in the Genetics Society of America's new open-access journal, G3: Genes⁵ | Genomes | Genetics (http://www.g3journal.org), lays the foundation for future understanding of mutation⁶ and disease, as studies of yeasts often identify key genes and mechanisms⁷ of disease. "We hope to learn to read the language of DNA⁸ and tell when mutations or differences will cause disease and when they will be advantageous," said Chris Todd Hittinger, senior author of the work from the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular⁹ Genetics at the University of Colorado School of Medicine in Aurora¹⁰, Colorado. "Providing a complete catalog of diversity among this group of species will allow us to quickly test which changes are responsible for which functions in the laboratory with a level of precision and efficiency not possible in other organisms."

Using massively parallel（平行的） next-generation DNA sequencing, the researchers determined¹¹ the genome sequences, doubling the number of genes available for comparison, and identifying which genes changed in which species. They did this by segmenting each organism's DNA into small pieces, and then computationally "reassembled" the pieces and compared them to the genome of S. cerevisiae（啤酒，麦酒） (the species used to make beer, bread, wine, etc.) to identify similarities and differences. The researchers also genetically¹² engineered several of the strains to make them amenable¹³ for experimentation¹⁴. Results from this study will allow researchers to compare the genetics, molecular biology, and ecology of these species. Because yeast genomes and lifestyles are relatively¹⁵ simple, determining how diversity is encoded in their DNA is much easier than with more complex organisms, such as humans.

"The experimental resources described in this paper extend the value of yeasts for understanding biological processes," said Brenda Andrews, Editor-in-Chief of G3: Genes | Genomes | Genetics, "and if they help us make better pizza crust and beer along the way, all the better."