More than 500,000 tonnes of onion waste are thrown away in the European Union each year. However, scientists say this could have a use as food ingredients（食品添加剂） . The brown skin and external layers are rich in fibre and flavonoids（黄酮类） , while the discarded bulbs contain sulphurous（含硫磺的） compounds and fructans（果聚糖） . All of these substances are beneficial to health. Production of onion waste has risen over recent years in line with the growing demand for these bulbs. More than 500,000 tonnes of waste are generated in the European Union each year, above all in Spain, Holland and the United Kingdom, where it has become an environmental problem. The waste includes the dry brown skin, the outer layers, roots and stalks（茎秆） , as well as onions that are not big enough to be of commercial use, or onions that are damaged.

"One solution could be to use onion waste as a natural source of ingredients with high functional¹ value, because this vegetable is rich in compounds that provide benefits for human health", Vanesa Benítez, a researcher at the Department of Agricultural Chemistry at the Autonomous² University of Madrid (Spain), tells SINC.

Benítez's research group worked with scientists from Cranfield University (United Kingdom) to carry out laboratory experiments to identify the substances and possible uses of each part of the onion. The results have been published in the journal Plant Foods for Human Nutrition.

According to the study, the brown skin could be used as a functional ingredient high in dietary fibre (principally the non-soluble type) and phenolic（酚醛树脂） compounds, such as quercetin（槲皮黄酮） and other flavonoids (plant metabolites with medicinal properties). The two outer fleshy layers of the onion also contain fibre and flavonoids.

"Eating fibre reduces the risk of suffering from cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal（胃肠的） complaints, colon³ cancer, type-2 diabetes⁴ and obesity⁵", the researcher points out.

Phenolic compounds, meanwhile, help to prevent coronary disease and have anti-carcinogenic properties. The high levels of these compounds in the dry skin and the outer layers of the bulbs also give them high antioxidant（抗氧化剂） capacity.

Meanwhile, the researchers suggest using the internal parts and whole onions that are thrown away as a source of fructans and sulphurous compounds. Fructans are prebiotics（益生元） , in other words they have beneficial health effects as they selectively stimulate⁶ the growth and activity of bacteria in the colon.

Sulphurous compounds reduce the accumulation of platelets（血小板） , improving blood flow and cardiovascular health in general. They also have a positive effect on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory systems in mammals.

"The results show that it would be useful to separate the different parts of onions produced during the industrial process", explains Benítez. "This would enable them to be used as a source of functional compounds to be added to other foodstuffs⁷（食品，粮食） ".