Eight million, seven hundred thousand species (give or take 1.3 million). That is a new, estimated total number of species on Earth -- the most precise calculation ever offered -- with 6.5 million species found on land and 2.2 million (about 25 percent of the total) dwelling¹ in（存在于） the ocean depths.

Announced today by Census² of Marine³ Life scientists, the figure is based on an innovative⁴, validated⁵ analytical⁶ technique that dramatically narrows the range of previous estimates. Until now, the number of species on Earth was said to fall somewhere between 3 million and 100 million.

Furthermore, the study, published by PLoS Biology, says a staggering 86% of all species on land and 91% of those in the seas have yet to be discovered, described and catalogued.

Says lead author Camilo Mora of the University of Hawaii and Dalhousie University in Halifax, Canada: "The question of how many species exist has intrigued⁷（引起兴趣） scientists for centuries and the answer, coupled with research by others into species' distribution and abundance, is particularly important now because a host of human activities and influences are accelerating the rate of extinctions. Many species may vanish before we even know of their existence, of their unique niche⁹ and function in ecosystems¹¹, and of their potential contribution to improved human well-being¹²."

"This work deduces（推论） the most basic number needed to describe our living biosphere," says co-author Boris Worm of Dalhousie University. "If we did not know -- even by an order of magnitude (1 million? 10 million? 100 million?) -- the number of people in a nation, how would we plan for the future?"

"It is the same with biodiversity. Humanity has committed itself to saving species from extinction⁸, but until now we have had little real idea of even how many there are."

Dr. Worm notes that the recently-updated Red List issued by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature assessed 59,508 species, of which 19,625 are classified as threatened. This means the IUCN Red List, the most sophisticated ongoing¹³ study of its kind, monitors less than 1% of world species.

The research is published alongside a commentary by Lord Robert May of Oxford¹⁴, past-president of the UK's Royal Society, who praises the researchers' "imaginative new approach."

"It is a remarkable¹⁵ testament¹⁶ to humanity's narcissism¹⁷ that we know the number of books in the US Library of Congress on 1 February 2011 was 22,194,656, but cannot tell you -- to within an order-of-magnitude -- how many distinct species of plants and animals we share our world with," Lord May writes.

"(W)e increasingly recognize that such knowledge is important for full understanding of the ecological¹⁸ and evolutionary¹⁹ processes which created, and which are struggling to maintain, the diverse biological riches we are heir to. Such biodiversity is much more than beauty and wonder, important though that is. It also underpins²⁰（巩固，支持） ecosystem¹⁰ services that -- although not counted in conventional GDP -- humanity is dependent upon."