If they didn't have enough to worry about from dodging¹（避开） poachers, snow leopards², and landslides³ in Central Asia's rugged⁴ mountains, a population of endangered markhor（捻角山羊） -- a majestic⁵ wild goat species -- has contracted pneumonia⁶, detected for the first time by the Wildlife Conservation Society and partners in Tajikistan and France. Markhor are known for their impressive corkscrew（螺丝锥） horns that can reach nearly five feet in length, and their spectacular climbing ability that enables them to climb cliffs -- and despite their large size, even trees -- to feed. The pneumonia outbreak, which occurred in Tajikistan during September and October of 2010, is believed to have killed at least 65 markhors -- as much as 20 percent of the population remaining in the country. Fewer than 2,500 markhor exist across their entire range.

The study appears in the December issue of the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases. Authors include Stéphane Ostrowski of the Wildlife Conservation Society; Francois Thiaucourt, Lucía Manso-Silván, and Virginie Dupuy of Centre de Coopération International en Recherche⁷ Agronomique pour le Développement of Montpellier, France; Mulojon Amirbekov, Abdurahmon Mahmadshoev, and Orom Ziyoev of Tajikistan's Ministry⁸ of Agriculture; Dustmurod Vahobov of the Tajikistan's Academy of Agricultural Sciences; and Stefan Michel of Tajikistan's Nature Protection Team. The work was supported in part by the German federal agency for international cooperation (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit).

The authors of the study believe that the markhor may have contracted the disease from domestic goats. Raising goats in habitats used by markhor is a necessity for local communities with few other livelihood⁹ options. This cohabitation increases the risk of transmission of infectious agents from domestic stock to wildlife.

The authors believe that a newly recorded pathogen in markhor may be responsible for the pneumonia outbreak. The case emphasizes the need for continuous disease surveillance in domestic animals that have contact with valuable wildlife resources, the authors said.

"So far, no new outbreaks have been reported since 2010," said Dr. Ostrowski, lead author on the study. "Recent investigations¹⁰ in the area of the outbreak have revealed that domestic goats test positive for a Mycoplasma bacteria that may cause pneumonia in both domestic and wild goats. The Nature Protection Team, a Tajik nongovernmental organization, is working with communities to minimize contacts between domestic animals and markhor."

WCS has been leading efforts to save the remarkable¹¹ markhor across its range. In the mountains of northern Pakistan, WCS now works with more than 20 communities to stop poaching and train community rangers¹² to monitor markhor and enforce local hunting bans. In Afghanistan, WCS recently conducted wildlife surveys along the border of Tajikistan and discovered previously¹³ unrecorded populations of markhor in the Badakhshan Province. WCS, with funding from the American Association for the Advancement¹⁴ of Science (AAAS), is also bringing together health officials in Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan to assess disease threats to markhor and other wildlife in the region.