A recent study at Oregon State University found that the chlorophyll（叶绿素） in green vegetables offers protection against cancer when tested against the modest carcinogen（致癌物质） exposure levels most likely to be found in the environment. However, chlorophyll actually increases the number of tumors at very high carcinogen exposure levels.

Beyond confirming the value of chlorophyll, the research raises serious questions about whether traditional lab studies done with mice and high levels of toxic¹ exposure are providing accurate answers to what is a real health risk, what isn't, and what dietary or pharmaceutical² approaches are useful.

The findings, published in the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology, were done using 12,360 rainbow trout³ as laboratory models, instead of more common laboratory mice. Rodent⁴ studies are much more expensive, forcing the use of fewer specimens⁵ and higher carcinogen exposures.

"There's considerable evidence in epidemiologic and other clinical studies with humans that chlorophyll and its derivative⁶, chlorophyllin, can protect against cancer," said Tammie McQuistan, a research assistant working with George Bailey, a professor emeritus⁷ in the Linus Pauling Institute at OSU.

"This study, like others before it, found that chlorophyll can reduce tumors, up to a point," McQuistan said. "But at very high doses of the same carcinogen, chlorophyll actually made the problem worse. This questions the value of an approach often used in studying cancer-causing compounds."

OSU experts in recent years have become pioneers in the use of rainbow trout（鲑鱼） as a model for biomedical research, in part because the fish react in similar ways to those of rodents⁸, but also because scientists can use thousands of them -- instead of dozens or hundreds of mice -- and do experiments that would not otherwise be possible.

In that context, this study raises questions about a fundamental premise⁹ of much medical research -- expose a laboratory animal to a compound at high levels, observe the result, and predict that a proportional amount of that same result would be present at low levels of exposure.

In one part of the study, trout were exposed to fairly moderate levels of a known carcinogen, but also given chlorophyll. This reduced their number of liver tumors by 29-64 percent, and stomach tumors by 24-45 percent. But in another part of the study, using much higher and unrealistic doses of the same carcinogen, the use of chlorophyll caused a significant increase in the number of tumors.