Less than 2% of Earth's fossils are preserved in volcanic¹ rock, but researchers have identified a new one: the skull² of a rhino³ that perished in a volcanic eruption⁴ 9.2 million years ago. The find is described in a paper published November 21 in the open access journal PLOS ONE by Pierre-Olivier Antoine and colleagues from the University of Montpellier, France. The fossil, found in Turkey, is thought to be that of a large two-horned rhino common in the Eastern Mediterranean⁵ region during that period. According to the researchers, unusual features of the preserved skull suggest that the animal was 'cooked to death' at temperatures that may have approached 500° C, in a volcanic flow similar to that of the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in Italy in 79 A.D.

 

The rhino's grisly（可怕的） death was near-instantaneous（瞬间的）, and followed by severe dehydration⁶（脱水） in the extreme heat of the eruption. As the researchers describe its end, "the body was baked under a temperature approximating 400°C, then dismembered within the pyroclastic flow（火山碎屑流）, and the skull separated from body." The flow of volcanic ash then moved the skull about 30 km north of the eruption site, where it was discovered by the four member research team.

 

Although other researchers have previously⁷ identified fossils of soft-bodied organisms preserved in volcanic ash, organic matter near an active volcanic eruption is usually quickly destroyed by the high temperatures, making a fossil such as this one extremely rare.

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