The question 'How do songbirds sing?' is addressed in a study published in BioMed Central's open access journal BMC Biology. High-field magnetic resonance¹ imaging and micro-computed tomography（断层摄影术） have been used to construct stunning² high resolution, 3D, images, as well as a data set "morphome" of the zebra finch³ (Taeniopygia guttata) vocal⁴ organ, the syrinx. Like humans, songbirds learn their vocalizations by imitation. Since their songs are used for finding a mate and retaining territories, birdsong is very important for reproductive success.

 

The syrinx（鸣管）, located at the point where the trachea（气管） splits in two to send air to the lungs, is unique to birds and performs the same function as vocal cords in humans. Birds can have such a complete control over the syrinx, with sub-millisecond precision, that in some cases they are even able to mimic⁵ human speech.

 

Despite great inroads（损害， 侵犯） in uncovering the neural⁶ control of birdsong, the anatomy⁷ of the complex physical structures that generate sound have been less well understood.

 

The multinational⁸ team has generated interactive⁹ 3D PDF models of the syringeal skeleton, soft tissues, cartilaginous pads, and muscles affecting sound production. These models show in detail the delicate balance between strength, and lightness of bones and cartilage required to support and alter the vibrating membranes¹⁰ of the syrinx at superfast speeds.

 

Dr Coen Elemans, from the University of Southern Denmark, who led this study, explained, "This study provides the basis to analyze¹¹ the micromechanics, and exact neural and muscular control of the syrinx. For example, we describe a cartilaginous（软骨的） structure which may allow the zebra finch to precisely¹² control its songs by uncoupling sound frequency and volume." In addition, the researchers found a previously¹³ unrecognized Y-shaped structure on the sternum which corresponds to the shape of the syrinx and could help stabilize¹⁴ sound production.

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