Pharmaceuticals² commonly found in the environment are disrupting streams, with unknown impacts on aquatic³（水生的） life and water quality. So reports a new Ecological⁴ Applications paper, which highlights the ecological cost of pharmaceutical¹ waste and the need for more research into environmental impacts. Lead author Dr. Emma Rosi-Marshall, a scientist at the Cary Institute of Ecosystem⁵ Studies, comments: "Pharmaceutical pollution is now detected in waters throughout the world. Causes include aging infrastructure⁶, sewage overflows⁷, and agricultural runoff. Even when waste water makes it to sewage treatment facilities, they aren't equipped to remove pharmaceuticals. As a result, our streams and rivers are exposed to a cocktail⁸ of synthetic⁹ compounds, from stimulants¹⁰ and antibiotics¹² to analgesics¹³（镇痛药） and antihistamines¹⁵."

 

With colleagues from Indiana University and Loyola University Chicago, Rosi-Marshall looked at how six common pharmaceuticals influenced similar-sized streams in New York, Maryland, and Indiana. Caffeine, the antibiotic¹¹ ciprofloxacin, the antidiabetic metformin, two antihistimines used to treat heartburn (cimetidine and ranitidine), and one antihistamine¹⁴ used to treat allergies¹⁶ (diphenhydramine) were investigated, both alone and in combinations, using pharmaceutical-diffusing substrates.

 

Rosi-Marshall explains, "We focused on the response of biofilms -- which most people know as the slippery（狡猾的） coating on stream rocks -- because they're vital to stream health. They might not look like much to the naked eye, but biofilms are complex communities composed of algae¹⁷, fungi¹⁸, and bacteria all living and working together. In streams, biofilms contribute to water quality by recycling nutrients¹⁹ and organic matter. They're also a major food source for invertebrates²⁰ that, in turn, feed larger animals like fish."

 

Healthy streams are slippery streams. And it turns out that antihistamines dry more than our noses. The most striking result of the study was diphenhydramine's effects on algal production and microbial respiration²¹（呼吸）. Exposure caused biofilms to experience up to a 99% decrease in photosynthesis²², as well as significant drops in respiration. Diphenhydramine also caused a change in the bacterial²³ species present in the biofilms, including an increase in a bacterial group known to degrade toxic²⁴ compounds and a reduction in a group that digests compounds produced by plants and algae.

 

Results suggest that this antihistamine is disrupting the ecology of these sensitive biofilm communities. Rosi-Marshall notes, "We know that diphenhydramine is commonly found in the environment. And its effect on biofilms could have repercussions²⁵ for animals in stream food webs, like insects and fish. We need additional studies looking at the concentrations that cause ecosystem disruption, and how they react with other stressors, such as excess nutrients."

 

The other pharmaceuticals investigated also had a measurable effect on biofilm respiration, both alone and in combinations. More work is needed to understand how drug mixtures, which most natural streams experience, impact freshwater systems.

 

Society's dependence²⁶ on pharmaceuticals is not likely to wane²⁷. Nor is its need for clean, fresh water. This study adds another piece of evidence to the case calling for innovations in the way we manage waste water. Currently, only a fraction of the world's waste water is treated, and the infrastructure in many developed nations is aging.

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