A new discovery about how cells move inside the body may provide scientists with crucial information about disease mechanisms¹ such as the spread of cancer or the constriction² of airways⁴ caused by asthma⁵（哮喘）. Led by researchers at Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) and the Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), investigators⁷ found that epithelial（上皮的） cells -- the type that form a barrier between the inside and the outside of the body, such as skin cells -- move in a group, propelled by forces both from within and from nearby cells -- to fill any unfilled spaces they encounter. The study appears June 23, 2013 in an advance online edition of Nature Materials.

 

"We were trying to understand the basic relationship between collective cellular⁸ motions and collective cellular forces, as might occur during cancer cell invasion, for example. But in doing so we stumbled onto a phenomenon that was totally unexpected," said senior author Jeffrey Fredberg, professor of bioengineering and physiology⁹ in the HSPH Department of Environmental Health and co-senior investigator⁶ of HSPH's Molecular¹⁰ and Integrative Cellular Dynamics¹¹ lab.

 

Biologists, engineers, and physicists¹² from HSPH and IBEC worked together to shed light on collective cellular motion because it plays a key role in functions such as wound healing, organ development, and tumor¹³ growth. Using a technique called monolayer stress microscopy -- which they invented themselves -- they measured the forces affecting a single layer of moving epithelial cells. They examined the cells' velocity¹⁴ and direction as well as traction¹⁵ -- how some cells either pull or push themselves and thus force collective movement.

 

As they expected, the researchers found that when an obstacle was placed in the path of an advancing cell layer -- in this case, a gel that provided no traction -- the cells moved around it, tightly hugging the sides of the gel as they passed. However, the researchers also found something surprising -- that the cells, in addition to moving forward, continued to pull themselves collectively back toward the gel, as if yearning¹⁶ to fill the unfilled space. The researchers dubbed¹⁷ this movement "kenotaxis," from the Greek words "keno" (vacuum) and "taxis" (arrangement), because it seemed the cells were attempting to fill a vacuum.

 

This new finding could help researchers better understand cell behavior -- and evaluate potential drugs to influence that behavior -- in a variety of complex diseases, such as cancer, asthma, cardiovascular disease, developmental abnormalities, and glaucoma（青光眼）. The finding could also help with tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, both of which rely on cell migration¹⁸.

 

In carcinomas（癌）, for instance -- which represent 90% of all cancers and involve epithelial cells -- the new information on cell movement could improve understanding of how cancer cells migrate through the body. Asthma research could also get a boost, because scientists think migration of damaged epithelial cells in the lungs are involved in the airway³ narrowing caused by the disease.

 

"Kenotaxis is a property of the cellular collective, not the individual cell," said Jae Hun Kim, the study's first author. "It was amazing to us that the cellular collective can organize to pull itself systematically¹⁹ in one direction while moving systematically in an altogether different direction."

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