Led by Itsik Pe'er, associate professor of computer science at Columbia Engineering, a team of researchers has created a data resource that will improve genomic research in the Ashkenazi Jewish population and lead to more effective personalized medicine. The team, which includes experts from 11 labs in the New York City area and Israel, focused on the Ashkenazi Jewish population because of its demographic history of genetic³ isolation⁴ and the resulting abundance of population-specific mutations and high prevalence of rare genetic disorders⁶. The Ashkenazi Jewish population has played an important role in human genetics, with notable successes in gene² mapping as well as prenatal and cancer screening. The study was published online on Nature Communications today. "Our study is the first full DNA⁷ sequence dataset available for Ashkenazi Jewish genomes," says Pe'er, who is also a co-chair of the Health Analytics Center at Columbia's Institute for Data Sciences and Engineering, as well as a member of its Foundations of Data Science Center. "With this comprehensive catalog of mutations present in the Ashkenazi Jewish population, we will be able to more effectively map disease genes⁹ onto the genome and thus gain a better understanding of common disorders. We see this study serving as a vehicle for personalized medicine and a model for researchers working with other populations."

 

To help in his hunt for disease genes, Pe'er founded The Ashkenazi Genome Consortium (TAGC) in September 2011 with Todd Lencz, an investigator¹⁰ at The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, director of the Laboratory of Analytic⁸ Genomics at the Zucker Hillside Hospital, and associate professor of molecular¹¹ medicine and psychiatry¹² at the Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine. 

 

The other TAGC members, who are providing expertise¹³ in the diseases they are studying, are: Gil Atzmon, associate professor of medicine and genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (genetics of longevity¹⁴ and diabetes); Lorraine Clark, associate professor of clinical pathology and cell biology and co-director, Personalized Genomic Medicine Laboratory, Columbia University Medical Center, Laurie Ozelius, associate professor at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and Susan Bressman, chair of neurology at Mount Sinai Beth Israel (Parkinson's disease and related neurological phenotypes); Harry¹⁵ Ostrer, professor of pathology, genetics, and pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (radiogenomics, cancers and rare genetic disorders); Ken¹ Offit, chief of clinical genetics at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (breast, ovarian, colon¹⁶ and prostate cancers, lymphoma); Inga Peter, associate professor of genetics and genomic sciences, and Judy Cho, professor of medicine and professor of genetics and genomic sciences, both at The Mount Sinai Hospital(inflammatory bowel¹⁷ disease); and Ariel Darvasi, vice-dean of The Faculty¹⁸ of Life Sciences at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (multiple diseases).

 

Before the TAGC study, data was available for a limited number of DNA markers (only approximately one in every 3000 letters of DNA) that are mostly common in Europeans. The TAGC researchers performed high-depth sequencing of 128 complete genomes of Ashkenazi Jewish healthy individuals. They compared their data to European samples, and found that Ashkenazi Jewish genomes had significantly more mutations that had not yet been mapped. Pe'er and his team analyzed¹⁹ the raw data and created a comprehensive catalog of mutations present in the Ashkenazi Jewish population.

 

The TAGC database is already proving useful for clinical genomics, identifying specific new mutations for carrier screening. Lencz explains: "TAGC advances the goal of bringing personal genomics to the clinic, as it tells the physician whether a mutation⁵ in a patient's genome is shared by healthy individuals, and can alleviate²⁰ concerns that it is causing disease. Without our work, a patient's genome sequence is much harder to interpret, and more prone²¹ to create false alarms. We have eliminated two thirds of these false alarms."

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