2006年考试新辅导之托福写作题库新增试题二十二(2)

时间：2007-05-29 01:18:45

（单词翻译:单击）

29.What can be inferred about the footprints found in French caves mentioned in the last paragraph?

(A)They show more detail than the Laetoli prints.

(B)They are of more recent origin than the Laetoli prints.

(C)They are not as informative1 as the Laetoli prints.

(D)They are more difficult to study than the Laetoli prints

 

30.Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?

(A) "hominids" (line 3)

(B) "arch" (line 9)

(C) "photogrammetry" (line 16)

(D) "silicon2 resin3 molds"(line 29)

 

 

Questions 31-40

 

The livelihood4 of each species in the vast and intricate assemblage of living things depends on the existences of other organisms. This interdependence is sometimes subtle, sometimes obvious. Perhaps the most straight forward dependence5 of one species on another occurs with parasites7, organisms that live on or in other living things and derive8 nutrients9 directly from them. The parasitic10 way of life is widespread. A multitude of microorganisms( including viruses and bacteria) and an army of invertebrates11 – or creatures lacking a spinal12 column (including crustaceans13, insects, and many different types of worms ) –make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures. In the face of this onslaught, living things have evolved a variety of defense14 mechanisms16 for protecting their bodies from invasion by other organisms.

 

Certain fungi17 and even some kinds of bacteria secrete18 substances known as antibiotics19 into their external environment. These substances are capable of killing20 or inhibiting21 the growth of various kinds of bacteria that also occupy the area, thereby22 eliminating or reducing the competition for nutrients. The same principle is used in defense against invaders23 in other groups of organisms. For example, when attacked by disease-causing fungi or bacteria, many kinds of plants produce chemicals that help to ward6 off the invaders.

 

Members of the animal kingdom have developed a variety of defense mechanisms for dealing24 with parasites. Although these mechanisms vary considerably25, all major

 

groups of animals are capable of detecting and reacting to the presence of "foreign" cells. In fact, throughout the animal kingdom, from sponges to certain types of worms, shellfish, and all vertebrates (creatures possessing a spinal column), there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically26 compatible or closely related individuals.

 

The ability to distinguish between "self" and "nonself", while present in all animals, is most efficient among vertebrates, which have developed an immune system as their defense mechanism15. The immune system recognizes and takes action against foreign invaders and transplanted tissues that are treated as foreign cells.

 

31. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) how parasites reproduce

(B) how organisms react to invaders

(C) how antibiotics work to cure disease

(D) how the immune systems of vertebrates developed

 

32. The word "intricate" iii line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) difficult

(B) widespread

(C) critical

(D) complex

33. The expression "an army" in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) an illness

(B) an attack

(C) a large number

(D) a distinct type

 

34. The expression "an army in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) an illness

(B) an attack

(C) a large number

(D) a distinct type

 

35. According to the passage, some organisms produce antibiotics in order to

(A) prevent disease in humans

(B) aid digestion27

(C) fight off other organisms

(D) create new types of nutrients

 

35.The word "vary" in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) differ

(B) endure

(C) balance

(D) contribute

 

36. The word "they" in line 23 refers to

(A) sponges, worms and shellfish

(B) vertebrates

(C) individuals

(D) transplants

 

37. According to the passage, a transplant of tissue between genetically incompatible organisms will result in the transplanted tissue

(A) becoming a parasite

(B) being treated as an invader

(C) altering its genetic makeup

(D) developing a new immune system


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 informative 6QczZ     
adj.提供资料的，增进知识的
参考例句：
  • The adverts are not very informative.这些广告并没有包含太多有用信息。
  • This intriguing book is both thoughtful and informative.这本引人入胜的书既有思想性又富知识性。
2 silicon dykwJ     
n.硅(旧名矽)
参考例句：
  • This company pioneered the use of silicon chip.这家公司开创了使用硅片的方法。
  • A chip is a piece of silicon about the size of a postage stamp.芯片就是一枚邮票大小的硅片。
3 resin bCqyY     
n.树脂，松香，树脂制品；vt.涂树脂
参考例句：
  • This allyl type resin is a highly transparent, colourless material.这种烯丙基型的树脂是一种高度透明的、无色材料。
  • This is referred to as a thixotropic property of the resin.这种特性叫做树脂的触变性。
4 livelihood sppzWF     
n.生计，谋生之道
参考例句：
  • Appropriate arrangements will be made for their work and livelihood.他们的工作和生活会得到妥善安排。
  • My father gained a bare livelihood of family by his own hands.父亲靠自己的双手勉强维持家计。
5 dependence 3wsx9     
n.依靠，依赖；信任，信赖；隶属
参考例句：
  • Doctors keep trying to break her dependence of the drug.医生们尽力使她戒除毒瘾。
  • He was freed from financial dependence on his parents.他在经济上摆脱了对父母的依赖。
6 ward LhbwY     
n.守卫，监护，病房，行政区，由监护人或法院保护的人（尤指儿童）；vt.守护，躲开
参考例句：
  • The hospital has a medical ward and a surgical ward.这家医院有内科病房和外科病房。
  • During the evening picnic,I'll carry a torch to ward off the bugs.傍晚野餐时，我要点根火把，抵挡蚊虫。
7 parasites a8076647ef34cfbbf9d3cb418df78a08     
寄生物( parasite的名词复数 )； 靠他人为生的人； 诸虫
参考例句：
  • These symptoms may be referable to virus infection rather than parasites. 这些症状也许是由病毒感染引起的，而与寄生虫无关。
  • Kangaroos harbor a vast range of parasites. 袋鼠身上有各种各样的寄生虫。
8 derive hmLzH     
v.取得；导出；引申；来自；源自；出自
参考例句：
  • We derive our sustenance from the land.我们从土地获取食物。
  • We shall derive much benefit from reading good novels.我们将从优秀小说中获得很大好处。
9 nutrients 6a1e1ed248a3ac49744c39cc962fb607     
n.（食品或化学品）营养物，营养品( nutrient的名词复数 )
参考例句：
  • a lack of essential nutrients 基本营养的缺乏
  • Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. 营养素被吸收进血液。 来自《简明英汉词典》
10 parasitic 7Lbxx     
adj.寄生的
参考例句：
  • Will global warming mean the spread of tropical parasitic diseases?全球变暖是否意味着热带寄生虫病会蔓延呢？
  • By definition,this way of life is parasitic.从其含义来说，这是种寄生虫的生活方式。
11 invertebrates 7e45dc289993d00de9b9f14a70e51319     
n.无脊椎动物( invertebrate的名词复数 )
参考例句：
  • Insects and worms are all invertebrates. 昆虫和蠕虫都是无脊椎动物。 来自辞典例句
  • In the earthworm and many other invertebrates, these excretory structures are called nephridia. 在蚯蚓和许多其它无脊椎动物中，这些排泄结构称为肾管。 来自辞典例句
12 spinal KFczS     
adj.针的，尖刺的，尖刺状突起的；adj.脊骨的，脊髓的
参考例句：
  • After three days in Japan,the spinal column becomes extraordinarily flexible.在日本三天，就已经使脊椎骨变得富有弹性了。
  • Your spinal column is made up of 24 movable vertebrae.你的脊柱由24个活动的脊椎骨构成。
13 crustaceans 37ad1a9eb8e9867969edd084ce8032d5     
n.甲壳纲动物（如蟹、龙虾）( crustacean的名词复数 )
参考例句：
  • These crustaceans provide a valuable food source for some fish. 这些甲壳纲动物是某些鱼类重要的食物来源。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • When the tide ebbs it's a rock pool inhabited by crustaceans. 退潮时，它便成为甲壳动物居住的岩石区潮水潭。 来自辞典例句
14 defense AxbxB     
n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩
参考例句：
  • The accused has the right to defense.被告人有权获得辩护。
  • The war has impacted the area with military and defense workers.战争使那个地区挤满了军队和防御工程人员。
15 mechanism zCWxr     
n.机械装置；机构，结构
参考例句：
  • The bones and muscles are parts of the mechanism of the body.骨骼和肌肉是人体的组成部件。
  • The mechanism of the machine is very complicated.这台机器的结构是非常复杂的。
16 mechanisms d0db71d70348ef1c49f05f59097917b8     
n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 )；机械装置；[生物学] 机制；机械作用
参考例句：
  • The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. 这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • He explained how the two mechanisms worked. 他解释这两台机械装置是如何工作的。 来自《简明英汉词典》
17 fungi 6hRx6     
n.真菌，霉菌
参考例句：
  • Students practice to apply the study of genetics to multicellular plants and fungi.学生们练习把基因学应用到多细胞植物和真菌中。
  • The lawn was covered with fungi.草地上到处都是蘑菇。
18 secrete hDezG     
vt.分泌；隐匿，使隐秘
参考例句：
  • The pores of your body secrete sweat.身上的毛孔分泌汗液。
  • Squirrels secrete a supply of nuts for winter.松鼠为准备过冬而藏坚果。
19 antibiotics LzgzQT     
n.（用作复数）抗生素；（用作单数）抗生物质的研究；抗生素，抗菌素( antibiotic的名词复数 )
参考例句：
  • the discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century 20世纪抗生素的发现
  • The doctor gave me a prescription for antibiotics. 医生给我开了抗生素。
20 killing kpBziQ     
n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财
参考例句：
  • Investors are set to make a killing from the sell-off.投资者准备清仓以便大赚一笔。
  • Last week my brother made a killing on Wall Street.上个周我兄弟在华尔街赚了一大笔。
21 inhibiting 11ff588a61bbc2b55de0b4c430fe2824     
抑制作用的，约束的
参考例句：
  • The high cost of borrowing is inhibiting investment by industry in new equipment. 借款的高成本抑制了企业对新设备的投资。
  • The pesticides affect the nervous system by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase. 这类农药抑制胆碱酯酶而影响神经系统。
22 thereby Sokwv     
adv.因此，从而
参考例句：
  • I have never been to that city,,ereby I don't know much about it.我从未去过那座城市，因此对它不怎么熟悉。
  • He became a British citizen,thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了英国公民，因而得到了投票权。
23 invaders 5f4b502b53eb551c767b8cce3965af9f     
入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 )
参考例句：
  • They prepared to repel the invaders. 他们准备赶走侵略军。
  • The family has traced its ancestry to the Norman invaders. 这个家族将自己的世系追溯到诺曼征服者。
24 dealing NvjzWP     
n.经商方法，待人态度
参考例句：
  • This store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing.该商店因买卖公道而享有极高的声誉。
  • His fair dealing earned our confidence.他的诚实的行为获得我们的信任。
25 considerably 0YWyQ     
adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上
参考例句：
  • The economic situation has changed considerably.经济形势已发生了相当大的变化。
  • The gap has narrowed considerably.分歧大大缩小了。
26 genetically Lgixo     
adv.遗传上
参考例句：
  • All the bees in the colony are genetically related. 同一群体的蜜蜂都有亲缘关系。
  • Genetically modified foods have already arrived on American dinner tables. 经基因改造加工过的食物已端上了美国人的餐桌。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 基因与食物
27 digestion il6zj     
n.消化，吸收
参考例句：
  • This kind of tea acts as an aid to digestion.这种茶可助消化。
  • This food is easy of digestion.这食物容易消化。

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