2006年考试新辅导之托福写作题库新增试题二十二(3)

38. According to the passage, the ability to distinguish between "self" and "nonself" enables vertebrates to

(A) accept transplanted cells

(B) detect and react to invasion

(C) weaken their immune system

(D) get rid of antibiotics¹

39. All of the following ate defined in the passage EXCEPT

(A) parasites(line 4)

(B) invertebrates²(line7)

(C) nutrients³ (line14)

(D) vertebrates(line 22)

40. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses

(A) how the immune system in vertebrates fights off foreign cells

(B) different types of bacteria and lung

(C) how vertebrates and invertebrates differ

(D) examples of different groups of organisms

Question 41-50

The development of jazz can be seen as part of the larger continuum of American popular music, especially dance music. In the twenties, jazz became the hottest new thing in dance music, much as ragtime⁴ had at the turn of the century, and as would rhythm and blues⁵ in the fifties, rock in the fifties, and disco in the seventies.

But two characteristics distinguish jazz from other dance music. The first is improvisation⁶, the changing of a musical phrase according to the player's inspiration. Like all artists, jazz musicians strive for an individual style, and the improvise⁷ or paraphrased⁸ is a jazz musician's main opportunity to display his or her individuality. In early jazz, musicians often improvised¹⁰ melodies collectively, thus creating a kind of polyphony. There was little soloing as such, although some New Orleans players, particularly cornet player Buddy¹¹ Bolden, achieved local fame for their ability to improvise a solo. Later the idea of the chorus-long or multichorus solo took hold. Louis Armstrong's instrumental brilliance¹², demonstrated through extended solos, was a major influence in this development.

Even in the early twenties, however, some jazz bands had featured soloists¹³. Similarly, show orchestras and carnival¹⁴ bands often included one or two such "get-off" musicians. Unimproved, completely structured jazz does exist, but the ability of the best jazz musicians to create music of great cohesion¹⁵ and beauty during performance has been a hallmark of the music and its major source of inspiration and change.

The second distinguishing characteristic of jazz is a rhythmic¹⁶ drive that was initially¹⁷ called "hot" and later "swing". In playing hot , a musician consciously departs from strict meter to create a relaxed sense of phrasing that also emphasizes the underlying¹⁸ rhythms.("Rough" tone and use of moderate vibrato also contributed to a hot sound .) Not all jazz is hot, however, many early bands played unadorned published arrangements of popular songs. Still, the proclivity¹⁹ to play hot distinguished²⁰ the jazz musician from other instrumentalists.

41. The passage answers which of the following questions?

(A) which early jazz musicians most Influenced rhythm and blues music?

(B) What are the differences between jazz and other forms of music?

(C) Why Is dancing closely related to popular music in the United States?

(D) What Instruments comprised a typical jazz band of the 1920's?

42. Which of the following preceded jazz as a popular music for dancing?

(A) Disco

(B) Rock

(C) Rhythm and blues

(D)Ragtime

43. According to the passage, jazz musicians are able to demonstrate their individual artistry mainly by?

(A) creating musical variations while performing

(B) preparing musical arrangements

(C) reading music with great skill

(D) being able to play all types of popular music

44. Which of the following was the function of "get-off" musicians (line 16)?

(A) Assist the other band members in packing up after a performance

(B) Teach dance routines created for new music

(C) Lead the band

(D) Provide solo performances in a band or orchestra

45. The word "cohesion" in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) sorrow

(B) fame

(C) unity⁹

(D) vibration²¹

46. The word "initially" in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) at first

(B) shortly

(C) alphabetically²²

(D) in fact

47. The word "consciously" in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) carelessly

(B) easily

(C) periodically

(D) purposely

48. The word "unadorned" in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) lovely

(B) plain

(C) disorganized

(D) inexpensive

49. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?

(A) "improvisation" (line 6)

(B) "polyphony" (line 10)

(C) "cornet player"(line 11)

(D) "multichorus"(line 12)

50. The topic of the passage is developed primarily by means of

(A) dividing the discussion into two major areas

(B) presenting contrasting points of view

(C) providing biographies of famous musician

(D) describing historical events in sequence