2008年文登学校春季词汇班精彩文篇推荐(十)

时间:2007-07-17 02:29:25

(单词翻译:单击)

第十篇

 

An AIDS Mystery Solved

 

(1) About 15 years ago, a well-meaning man donated blood to the Red Cross in Sydney, Australia, not knowing he has been exposed to HIV-1, the virus that causes AIDS. Much later, public-health officials learned that some of the people who got transfusions1? containing his blood had become infected with the same virus; presumably they were almost sure to die. But as six years stretched to 10, then to 14, the anxiety of health officials gave way to astonishment2. Although two of the recipients3 have died from other causes, not one of the seven people known to have received transfusions of the man’s contaminated blood has come down with AIDS. More telling still, the donor4, a sexually active homosexual, is also healthy. In fact his immune system remains5 as robust6 as if he had never tangled7 with HIV at all. What could explain such unexpected good fortune?

 

(2) A team of Australian scientists has finally solved the mystery. The virus that the donor contracted and then passed on, the team reported last week in the journal Science. contains flaws in its genetic9 script that appear to have rendered it innocuous?. “Not only have the recipients and the donor not progressed to disease for 15 years,” marvels10 molecular11 biologist Nicholas Deacon of Australia’s Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Re-search, “but the prediction is that they never will.” Deacon speculates that this “impotent” HIV may even be a natural inoculant? that protects its carriers against more virulent12 strains? of the virus, much as infection with cowpox warded14 off smallpox15 in 18th-century milkmaids.

 

(3) If this ______ proves right, it will mark a milestone16 in the battle to contain the late-20th century’s most ter-rible epidemic17. For in addition to explaining why this small group of people infected with HIV has not become sick, the discovery of a viral strain that works like a vaccine18 would have far-reaching implications. “What these results suggest,” says Dr. Barney Graham of Tennessee’s Vanderbilt University, “is that HIV is vulnerable and that it is possible to stimulate19 effective immunity20 against it.”

 

(4) The strain of HIV that popped up? in Sydney intrigues21 scientists because it contains striking abnormalities in a gene8 that is believed to stimulate viral duplication. In fact, the virus is missing so much of this particular gene — known as nef, for negative factor — that it is hard to imagine how the gene could perform any useful function. And sure enough, while the Sydney virus retains the ability to infect T cells — white blood cells that are critical to the immune system’s ability to ward13 off infection — it makes so few copies of itself that the most powerful molecular tools can barely detect its presence. Some of the infected Australians, for example, were found to carry as few as one or two copies of the virus for every 100000 T cells. People with AIDS, by contrast, are burdened with viral loads thousands of times higher.

 

(5) At the very least, the nef gene offers an attractive target for drug developers. If its activity can be blocked, suggests Deacon, researchers might be able to hold the progression of disease at bay, even in people who have developed full-blown AIDS. The need for better AIDS-fighting drugs was underscored last week by the actions of a U.S. Food and Drug Administration advisory22 panel, which recommended speedy approval of two new AIDS drugs, including the first of a new class of compounds called protease? inhibitors?. Although FDA commissioner23 David Kessler was quick to praise the new drugs, neither medication can prevent or cure AIDS once it has taken hold.

 

(6) What scientists really want is a vaccine that can prevent infection altogether. And that’s what makes the Sydney virus so promising24 — and so controversial. Could HIV itself, stripped of nef and adjacent sections of genetic material, provide the basis for such a vaccine, as Deacon and his colleagues cautiously suggest? Ongo-ing work on SIV, the simian25? immunodeficiency virus that causes an AIDS-like illness in monkeys, indicates that this might be less far-fetched than it sounds. Ronald Desrosiers at the New England Regional Primate26 Re-search Center has demonstrated that when the nef gene is removed from SIV, the virus no longer has the power to make monkeys sick. Moreover, monkeys inoculated27? with the nef free SIV developed marked resistance to the more virulent strain.

 

(7) But few scientists are enthusiastic about testing the proposition by injecting HIV — however weakened — into millions of people who have never been infected. After all, they note, HIV is a retrovirus?, a class of infec-tious agents known for their alarming ability to integrate their own genes28 into the DNA29 of the cells they infect. Thus once it takes effect, a retrovirus infection — unlike those of viruses that cause measles30, smallpox and any number of others diseases — is permanent. While some retroviruses are benign31, others can strike without warn-ing. Some remain hidden for years, only to trigger disease late in life when the immune system starts to de-crease.

 

(8) This makes vaccine development extremely risky32. A weakened strain of SIV that protected adult monkeys, for example, looked safe until researchers at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston showed that newborn monkeys with immature33 immune systems did not respond as healthy adults do. All the young primates34, in fact, developed the very disease the weakened virus was supposed to prevent. For this and a host of other reasons, most AIDS researchers argue that the only prudent35 strategy is to concoct36? a hybrid37? vaccine, putting the key features of a disabled AIDS virus into something more benign than a retrovirus. Among the leading candidates: the vaccinia virus that successfully wiped out smallpox.

 

(9) A handful of researchers, however, argue that the more dangerous retroviral vaccine should not be written off prematurely38. Desrosiers, for one, believes the situation in parts of the developing world (where the chance of HIV infection may reach 40% among sexually active adults) has become so desperate that a retroviral vaccine may be worth the ______. A live vaccine made from HIV, he maintains, can be made safer by removing not just the nef gene but several others as well. Desrosiers has found that he can cripple HIV by chemically deleting four of its nine known genes and still get a virus that replicates39, at least in chimpanzees.

 

(10) At present, concerns about safety are so overwhelming that effors to develop a live retroviral vaccine are unlikely to win much support. But that could change as studies of long-term survivors40 — that small, charmed circle of people who have been infected with the AIDS virus but have remained disease-free — provide new in-sights into the weaknesses of the viral enemy and the untapped strengths of its human targets. “These individu-als,” observes Dr. Warner Greene, director of the Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology in San Fran-cisco, “are natural experiments, and they hold a great secret that we are still trying to decipher?.” Indeed, it is entirely41 possible that the eight Australians who have caused such a stir will be cited by medical texts as the first people on the planet to be successfully, if accidentally, vaccinated42 against the AIDS virus — a virus that until now has seemed all but invincible43.

【参考译文】: 艾滋之谜揭晓

(1) 大约在15年前,澳大利亚悉尼有一位人士好心向红十字会捐血,不知道自己已感染HIV-1型——这是造成艾滋病的病毒。多年以后,公共卫生官员发现,有些接受他血液输血的人,也受到病毒感染。这些人应该是难逃死亡的噩运。可是6年、10年、14年过去了,卫生官员的焦虑变为惊奇。虽然其中有两个人因其他原因死亡,可是接受遭污染血液输血的这7个人当中,没有一个人罹患艾滋病。更引人注目的是,那位捐血人——一个有性行为的同性恋者——仍然活得好好的。他的免疫系统十分强壮,就像从没染上HIV一样。这种意外的好运要如何解释?

 

(2) 一批澳大利亚科学家终于解开了谜团。他们在上周的《科学》期刊发表报告指出:这位捐血人染上然后传出去的病毒,基因结构有缺陷,可能因此变成无害。澳大利亚麦法兰? 伯奈特医学研究中心的分子生物学家迪肯啧啧称奇:“捐血人与输血人不仅15年来没有发病,而且应该永远不会发病。”迪肯大胆假设这种无能的HIV甚至可能是天然的疫苗,可以保护带原者不受更厉害的病毒品种侵袭,就好像18世纪挤牛奶的女工感染牛痘之后就能抵抗天花一样。

 

(3) 如果这个预感成真,那么在围堵20世纪末最可怕的传染病的战斗上,要立下一座里程碑。因为,发现一种具有疫苗功能的病毒品种,不仅能解释这一小群受到HIV感染的人何以不发病,还具有更深远的涵义。田纳西州范德堡大学的格雷姆博士说:“这些结果暗示HIV也有弱点,也表示有可能刺激免疫系统来有效地对抗它。”

 

(4)在悉尼发现的这种HIV品种,引起科学家高度的头趣,因为它有一个基因严重异常。一般认为这是刺激病毒去复制自我的基因。这种病毒在这个叫做“否因”(代表否定因素)的基因中大部分残缺不全,很难想象这个基因能产生什么作用。果然,这种悉尼病毒虽然有能力感染T细胞(免疫系统对抗感染时最关键的白血球细胞),可是复制的能力极差,连最强大的分子工具也很难侦测到它的存在。就拿受到感染的这些澳大利亚人来说,其中有些人体内每10万个T细胞才有一二个病毒。相反的,艾滋病患者则要承担高几千倍的病毒量。

 

(5)“否因”基因最低限度对制药公司是很大的诱惑。迪肯认为,假如能够阻断这种基因的活动,研究人员就有可能阻止病情的进展,就算是已经全面发作的艾滋病病人也一样有用。对更好的艾滋药物需求十分殷切,这由美国食品药物管理局(FDA)顾问小组上周的一项行动可以看出。这个小组建议尽快批准两种艾滋新药,包括一类全新的化合物,称为蛋白酶抑制剂。FDA局长戴维? 凯斯勒迅速赞扬这些新药,可是这两种药都无法预防艾滋病,在感染艾滋病毒后也无法治愈。

 

(6)科学家真正想要的是能完全预防感染的疫苗,所以悉尼病毒才被寄以厚望,也才会引起争议。HIV病毒除去“否因”与邻近的一些基因物质后,是否真如迪肯和他的同僚审慎暗示的一样,可以作为艾滋病疫苗的基础?这个构想听来很牵强,但是目前对猿猴免疫不全病毒(SIV,造成猿猴罹患类似艾滋病的病毒)所做的研究显示并非毫无根据。新英格兰区灵长类研究中心的戴斯罗士已经证明,从SIV中除去“否因”基因后,病毒就无法使猿猴发病。而且,猿猴接种过已去除“否因”的SIV后,会发展出明显的抵抗力,可以抵抗毒性强的SIV品种。

 

(7) 但是没有几个科学家热衷于检验这个构想——在几百万个没有感染过艾滋病的人身上注射HIV(不论削弱到什么程度)。科学家指出,毕竟HIV是逆转录酶病毒。这种传染媒介原以一种可怕的能力著称:能把本身的基因合并到受感染细胞的DNA内。所以一旦感染上逆转录酶病毒,就永远摆脱不掉。这和造成麻疹,天花以及其他许多疾病的病毒都不一样。有些种类的逆转录酶病毒是良性的,也有一些发作起来毫无征兆。有些则是潜伏多年,直到人进入老年,免疫系统功能衰退时才发病。

 

(8)因此,开发疫苗的风险极大。举例来说,有一种削弱了的SIV病毒可以保护成年猴子,似乎也很安全。可是波士顿戴纳? 法柏癌症研究所的人员后来发现,初生的小猴,免疫系统尚不成熟,反应也和健康的成猴不同。这些小猴全部发生了当初用弱性疫苗所要预防的疾病。因为这个案例,再加上许多别的原因,艾滋病研究人员大多主张,唯一较谨慎的策略是调配出混种病毒,也就是把弱化艾滋病毒的主要特征放到比逆转录酶病毒良性的病毒中。最理想的对象包括当年成功扑灭天花的疫苗病毒。

 

(9)也有少数几位研究人员,主张不能断然否定掉危险性较高的逆转录酶病毒疫苗。戴斯罗士就认为,某些发展中国家的情况十分危急(有性行为的成年人感染HIV的比例可以达到40% ),值得冒险一试逆转录酶病毒疫苗。他主张可以把HIV病毒中的几种基因与“否因”一并移除,就能增加活疫苗的安全性。戴斯罗士发现,可以用化学方式删除HIV9种已知基因中的4种,破坏掉HIV的力量,制造出来的病毒仍然会复制——至少在黑猩猩身上可以。

 

(10)目前对于安全性的关注高过一切,要想培养活的逆转录酶病毒疫苗,不大可能得到太多人支持。可是情况也可能改变。对艾滋病长期生存者的研究(也就是那一小群感染到艾滋病毒却一直没有发病的幸运者),可以让我们更深入了解病毒的弱点与人类尚未发现的力量。旧金山格莱斯顿病毒与免疫研究所所长格林博士表示:“这几个人是大自然的实验,手中握有一大奥秘,还有待破谜。”确实,这8名引起轩然大波的澳大利亚人,很有可能被医学文献列为地球上最早成功地(尽管是意外地)接受艾滋病毒免疫注射的人——虽然到目前为止艾滋病毒好像还是所向无敌。


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 transfusions 6bbc6e3b13bfaae7f9b1d36b8ce2c461     
n.输血( transfusion的名词复数 );输液;倾注;渗透
参考例句:
  • Still, transfusions have apparently never spread the disease, even among hemophiliacs. 还有,输血很明显从未传播过这种病,即使在血友病人之间也是如此。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 口蹄疫疯牛病
  • Blood transfusions are a special, limited example of tissue transplantation. 输血是一个特殊的、有限制的组织移植的例子。 来自辞典例句
2 astonishment VvjzR     
n.惊奇,惊异
参考例句:
  • They heard him give a loud shout of astonishment.他们听见他惊奇地大叫一声。
  • I was filled with astonishment at her strange action.我对她的奇怪举动不胜惊异。
3 recipients 972af69bf73f8ad23a446a346a6f0fff     
adj.接受的;受领的;容纳的;愿意接受的n.收件人;接受者;受领者;接受器
参考例句:
  • The recipients of the prizes had their names printed in the paper. 获奖者的姓名登在报上。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The recipients of prizes had their names printed in the paper. 获奖者名单登在报上。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
4 donor dstxI     
n.捐献者;赠送人;(组织、器官等的)供体
参考例句:
  • In these cases,the recipient usually takes care of the donor afterwards.在这类情况下,接受捐献者以后通常会照顾捐赠者。
  • The Doctor transplanted the donor's heart to Mike's chest cavity.医生将捐赠者的心脏移植进麦克的胸腔。
5 remains 1kMzTy     
n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹
参考例句:
  • He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
  • The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。
6 robust FXvx7     
adj.强壮的,强健的,粗野的,需要体力的,浓的
参考例句:
  • She is too tall and robust.她个子太高,身体太壮。
  • China wants to keep growth robust to reduce poverty and avoid job losses,AP commented.美联社评论道,中国希望保持经济强势增长,以减少贫困和失业状况。
7 tangled e487ee1bc1477d6c2828d91e94c01c6e     
adj. 纠缠的,紊乱的 动词tangle的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • Your hair's so tangled that I can't comb it. 你的头发太乱了,我梳不动。
  • A movement caught his eye in the tangled undergrowth. 乱灌木丛里的晃动引起了他的注意。
8 gene WgKxx     
n.遗传因子,基因
参考例句:
  • A single gene may have many effects.单一基因可能具有很多种效应。
  • The targeting of gene therapy has been paid close attention.其中基因治疗的靶向性是值得密切关注的问题之一。
9 genetic PgIxp     
adj.遗传的,遗传学的
参考例句:
  • It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
  • Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。
10 marvels 029fcce896f8a250d9ae56bf8129422d     
n.奇迹( marvel的名词复数 );令人惊奇的事物(或事例);不平凡的成果;成就v.惊奇,对…感到惊奇( marvel的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • The doctor's treatment has worked marvels : the patient has recovered completely. 该医生妙手回春,病人已完全康复。 来自辞典例句
  • Nevertheless he revels in a catalogue of marvels. 可他还是兴致勃勃地罗列了一堆怪诞不经的事物。 来自辞典例句
11 molecular mE9xh     
adj.分子的;克分子的
参考例句:
  • The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms.这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。
  • For the pressure to become zero, molecular bombardment must cease.当压强趋近于零时,分子的碰撞就停止了。
12 virulent 1HtyK     
adj.有毒的,有恶意的,充满敌意的
参考例句:
  • She is very virulent about her former employer.她对她过去的老板恨之入骨。
  • I stood up for her despite the virulent criticism.尽管她遭到恶毒的批评,我还是维护她。
13 ward LhbwY     
n.守卫,监护,病房,行政区,由监护人或法院保护的人(尤指儿童);vt.守护,躲开
参考例句:
  • The hospital has a medical ward and a surgical ward.这家医院有内科病房和外科病房。
  • During the evening picnic,I'll carry a torch to ward off the bugs.傍晚野餐时,我要点根火把,抵挡蚊虫。
14 warded bd81f9d02595a46c7a54f0dca9a5023b     
有锁孔的,有钥匙榫槽的
参考例句:
  • The soldiers warded over the city. 士兵们守护着这座城市。
  • He warded off a danger. 他避开了危险。
15 smallpox 9iNzJw     
n.天花
参考例句:
  • In 1742 he suffered a fatal attack of smallpox.1742年,他染上了致命的天花。
  • Were you vaccinated against smallpox as a child?你小时候打过天花疫苗吗?
16 milestone c78zM     
n.里程碑;划时代的事件
参考例句:
  • The film proved to be a milestone in the history of cinema.事实证明这部影片是电影史上的一个里程碑。
  • I think this is a very important milestone in the relations between our two countries.我认为这是我们两国关系中一个十分重要的里程碑。
17 epidemic 5iTzz     
n.流行病;盛行;adj.流行性的,流传极广的
参考例句:
  • That kind of epidemic disease has long been stamped out.那种传染病早已绝迹。
  • The authorities tried to localise the epidemic.当局试图把流行病限制在局部范围。
18 vaccine Ki1wv     
n.牛痘苗,疫苗;adj.牛痘的,疫苗的
参考例句:
  • The polio vaccine has saved millions of lives.脊髓灰质炎疫苗挽救了数以百万计的生命。
  • She takes a vaccine against influenza every fall.她每年秋季接种流感疫苗。
19 stimulate wuSwL     
vt.刺激,使兴奋;激励,使…振奋
参考例句:
  • Your encouragement will stimulate me to further efforts.你的鼓励会激发我进一步努力。
  • Success will stimulate the people for fresh efforts.成功能鼓舞人们去作新的努力。
20 immunity dygyQ     
n.优惠;免除;豁免,豁免权
参考例句:
  • The law gives public schools immunity from taxation.法律免除公立学校的纳税义务。
  • He claims diplomatic immunity to avoid being arrested.他要求外交豁免以便避免被捕。
21 intrigues 48ab0f2aaba243694d1c9733fa06cfd7     
n.密谋策划( intrigue的名词复数 );神秘气氛;引人入胜的复杂情节v.搞阴谋诡计( intrigue的第三人称单数 );激起…的好奇心
参考例句:
  • He was made king as a result of various intrigues. 由于搞了各种各样的阴谋,他当上了国王。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Those who go in for intrigues and conspiracy are doomed to failure. 搞阴谋诡计的人注定要失败。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
22 advisory lKvyj     
adj.劝告的,忠告的,顾问的,提供咨询
参考例句:
  • I have worked in an advisory capacity with many hospitals.我曾在多家医院做过顾问工作。
  • He was appointed to the advisory committee last month.他上个月获任命为顾问委员会委员。
23 commissioner gq3zX     
n.(政府厅、局、处等部门)专员,长官,委员
参考例句:
  • The commissioner has issued a warrant for her arrest.专员发出了对她的逮捕令。
  • He was tapped for police commissioner.他被任命为警务处长。
24 promising BkQzsk     
adj.有希望的,有前途的
参考例句:
  • The results of the experiments are very promising.实验的结果充满了希望。
  • We're trying to bring along one or two promising young swimmers.我们正设法培养出一两名有前途的年轻游泳选手。
25 simian 2ENyA     
adj.似猿猴的;n.类人猿,猴
参考例句:
  • Ada had a wrinkled,simian face.埃达有一张布满皱纹、长得像猿猴的脸。
  • Curiosity is the taproot of an intellectual life,the most valuable of our simian traits.好奇是高智生命的根源,也是我们类人猿特征中最有价值的部分。
26 primate A1YzI     
n.灵长类(目)动物,首席主教;adj.首要的
参考例句:
  • 14 percent of primate species are highly endangered.14%的灵长类物种处于高度濒危状态。
  • The woolly spider monkey is the largest primate in the Americas.绒毛蛛猴是美洲最大的灵长类动物。
27 inoculated 6f20d8c4f94d9061a1b3ff05ba9dcd4a     
v.给…做预防注射( inoculate的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • A pedigree pup should have been inoculated against serious diseases before it's sold. 纯种狗应该在出售前注射预防严重疾病的针。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Disease can be spread by dirty tools, insects, inoculated soil. 疾病也能由不干净的工具,昆虫,接种的土壤传播。 来自辞典例句
28 genes 01914f8eac35d7e14afa065217edd8c0     
n.基因( gene的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • You have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time. 你从父母那儿获得优良的基因,所以能够活得很长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Differences will help to reveal the functions of the genes. 它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 生物技术的世纪
29 DNA 4u3z1l     
(缩)deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸
参考例句:
  • DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell.脱氧核糖核酸储存于细胞的细胞核里。
  • Gene mutations are alterations in the DNA code.基因突变是指DNA密码的改变。
30 measles Bw8y9     
n.麻疹,风疹,包虫病,痧子
参考例句:
  • The doctor is quite definite about Tom having measles.医生十分肯定汤姆得了麻疹。
  • The doctor told her to watch out for symptoms of measles.医生叫她注意麻疹出现的症状。
31 benign 2t2zw     
adj.善良的,慈祥的;良性的,无危险的
参考例句:
  • The benign weather brought North America a bumper crop.温和的气候给北美带来大丰收。
  • Martha is a benign old lady.玛莎是个仁慈的老妇人。
32 risky IXVxe     
adj.有风险的,冒险的
参考例句:
  • It may be risky but we will chance it anyhow.这可能有危险,但我们无论如何要冒一冒险。
  • He is well aware how risky this investment is.他心里对这项投资的风险十分清楚。
33 immature Saaxj     
adj.未成熟的,发育未全的,未充分发展的
参考例句:
  • Tony seemed very shallow and immature.托尼看起来好像很肤浅,不夠成熟。
  • The birds were in immature plumage.这些鸟儿羽翅未全。
34 primates 9536f12c27d026e37c108bd6fc53dbba     
primate的复数
参考例句:
  • Primates are alert, inquisitive animals. 灵长目动物是机灵、好奇的动物。
  • Consciousness or cerebration has been said to have emerged in the evolution of higher primates. 据说意识或思考在较高级灵长类的进化中已出现。
35 prudent M0Yzg     
adj.谨慎的,有远见的,精打细算的
参考例句:
  • A prudent traveller never disparages his own country.聪明的旅行者从不贬低自己的国家。
  • You must school yourself to be modest and prudent.你要学会谦虚谨慎。
36 concoct vOoz0     
v.调合,制造
参考例句:
  • I gave her a tip on how to concoct a new kind of soup.我教她配制一种新汤的诀窍。
  • I began to concoct explanations of my own.我开始思考自己的解释。
37 hybrid pcBzu     
n.(动,植)杂种,混合物
参考例句:
  • That is a hybrid perpetual rose.那是一株杂交的四季开花的蔷薇。
  • The hybrid was tall,handsome,and intelligent.那混血儿高大、英俊、又聪明。
38 prematurely nlMzW4     
adv.过早地,贸然地
参考例句:
  • She was born prematurely with poorly developed lungs. 她早产,肺部未发育健全。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • His hair was prematurely white, but his busy eyebrows were still jet-black. 他的头发已经白了,不过两道浓眉还是乌黑乌黑的。 来自辞典例句
39 replicates 2cb25c60b573b908924058afde2ecd5a     
复制( replicate的第三人称单数 ); 重复; 再造; 再生
参考例句:
  • The bluetongue virus replicates in the insect. 蓝舌病病毒在这种昆虫体内繁殖。
  • The chameleon's skin replicates the pattern of its surroundings. 变色龙的皮肤可随环境的模式而改变颜色。
40 survivors 02ddbdca4c6dba0b46d9d823ed2b4b62     
幸存者,残存者,生还者( survivor的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The survivors were adrift in a lifeboat for six days. 幸存者在救生艇上漂流了六天。
  • survivors clinging to a raft 紧紧抓住救生筏的幸存者
41 entirely entirely     
ad.全部地,完整地;完全地,彻底地
参考例句:
  • The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
  • His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。
42 vaccinated 8f16717462e6e6db3389d0f736409983     
[医]已接种的,种痘的,接种过疫菌的
参考例句:
  • I was vaccinated against tetanus. 我接种了破伤风疫苗。
  • Were you vaccinated against smallpox as a child? 你小时候打过天花疫苗吗?
43 invincible 9xMyc     
adj.不可征服的,难以制服的
参考例句:
  • This football team was once reputed to be invincible.这支足球队曾被誉为无敌的劲旅。
  • The workers are invincible as long as they hold together.只要工人团结一致,他们就是不可战胜的。

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