(单词翻译:单击)
三、形容词(adj.)表示人和事物的特征,对名词起修饰和描绘作用
四、副词(adv.)表示动作特征或性状,主要修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子
(一)形容词的用法及位置
1.形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语等,作定语时一般放在名词前。
Eg. She has short hair.(作定语)
Paul is tall.(作表语)
We must keep our room clean.(作宾补)
2.形容词修饰不定代词时放在其后。
eg.She has something important2 to tell us./
There’s nothing wrong in the sentence3.
(二)副词的种类、用法及位置
1.副词的种类
(1)时间副词
①表示大体时间:now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,justnow,recently,sO faf
②表示频率:always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom,never
③其它作用:already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally
(2)地点副词
①表地点:here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere
②表位置关系(后接宾语时,用作介词):above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,away,near,off,past
(3)方式副词表示谓语动词“怎样地”,(此类副词大部分由形容词加ly构成):badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully4,carelessly5,nervously,proudly,patiently,politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,wrongly,suddenly
(4)程度副词多数用来修饰形容词或副词:much,(a)little,a bit,very,sO,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly
(5)疑问副词构成特殊疑问句:how,when, where,why
(6)连接副词连接主语、宾语或表语从句:how,when,where,why
(7)关系副词引导定语从句:when,where,why
(8)其它性质的副词对整个句子进行说明,一般用逗号与主句隔开:frankly(坦率地说,说真的),generally(一般说来),luckily(幸运地是),first of all(首先)等。
2.副词的用法及位置
(1)修饰动词作状语
①多数位于动词之后,及物动词的宾语或介问的宾语之后。
eg.The farmers are working hard in the field6.
She speaks English well.
The nurse looks after the babies carefully.
②频度副词放在动词前,情态动词和助动词之后。
eg.He always goes to school On foot.
She was7 often late for school.
I have never been to Beijing·
(2)修饰形容词作状语,放在形容词前。
eg.He has a very nice watch.
The box is too heavy.
(3)修饰另一副词作状语,放在另一副词前。
eg.She paints quite well.
You speak too fast.I can’t understand you.
(4)作表语,放在系动词后。
(5)作宾语补足语,放在宾语之后。
(6)作定语,放在名词之后。
eg.There is a man:here On vacation10.
(7)疑问副词、修饰整个句子的副词以及perhaps11,first,sometimes,finally等副词,一般放在句首。
eg.Finally,I finished12 the work.
Perhaps he’s watching TV at home.
(8)表示程度的副词一般放在被修饰词前,而enough则放在它所修饰的词后。
eg. He is old enough to go to school.
(三)形容词和副词的比较等级
1.比较级、最高级的构成
(1)单音节和少数双音节词
①一般在词尾加er或est
great--greater——greatest,young——younger——youngest,slow→slower→slowest
②以e结尾的只加r或st
nice——nicer----nicest,large——larger—largest.
③以辅音字母加y结尾的,先变y为i,再加er或est
heavy——heavier——heaviest, easy——easier——>easiest, busy——busier——busiest, funny——funnier——+funniest,early——earlier→earliest
④以重读闭音节结尾的词,先双写最末的一个辅音字母,再加er或est big——bigger——biggest, thin——thinner——>thinnest,fat—)fatter→fattest,ht—)fitter→fittest
(2)多音节和部分双音节词,前加more为比较级,加(the)most为最高级
careful→more careful——most careful
useful13——more useful——most useful
popular14→more popular→most popular
carelessly——more carelessly——most carelessly
(3)不规则变化的词
good/well→better→best
bad/ill/badly→worse→worst
many/much→more→most
little→less→least
old→older/elder→oldest(指年龄大小)/eldest(指长幼顺序)
far→farther/further→farthest(指距离)/furthest(指程度)
2.形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法
(1)形容词和副词比较级的用法
①用于两者比较,表示“比…更…”:
“A+系动词+形容词比较级+than+B,
eg.I am two years older than my little sister.
“A+谓语动词+副词比较级+than+B:
eg. She gets to school earlier than the other students.
②用于两者之间的同级比较,表示“…和…一样”:
eg.Bill15 is as funny as his father.
“A+谓语动词+as+副词原级+as+B”
eg.Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily16.
③表示甲在某方面不如乙:
“A+系动词+notas/so+形容i司原级+as十B”
eg.These books aren’t as interesting as those.
“A+助动词/情态动词+not+谓语动词+aS/SO+B”
eg.She didn’t sing sO well that night as she usually does.
④表示某个范围内的两者相比:
“A十动词十the+比较级+of短语(比较范围)” eg.Penny17 is the taller of the two girls.Penny是这两个女孩中较高的一个。
⑤表示“越来越…”:“比较级+and+比较级”
eg.In spring the days are getting longer and longer.在春天,白天变得越来越长。
⑥表示“越…越…”:“the+比较级…the+比较级”
eg.The mort:you practice18 using English,the better you’ll learn it你英语练得越多,就会学得越好。
①可以用much,far,even19,a bit,a little,a lot等修饰比较级表示程度,但决不可用very修饰。
eg.Tom is a little taller than Mike.Tom比Mike稍高一点;
it is even colder today than yesterday。今天甚至比昨天更冷
⑧在比较级中,为了避免重复,可用that或those代替前面提到过的事情。
eg.The weather here is much hotter than that Ofour hometown20.这儿比我的老家热得多。
The pants21 in this shop are a lot better than those in that shop.这家商店的裤子比那家商店的裤子质量好得多。
(3)形容词和副词最高级的用法
对三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时用最高级。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the,副词最高级前可加the,也可省掉the;后面可带of/in短浯来说明比较范围:
“主语+系动词+the+形容词最高级+of短语/in短语”
eg.She is the youngest Of all.
“A+谓语动词+(the)+最高级+of短语/in短语”
eg.Linda draws most carefully in her class.
1
as
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conj.按照;如同 | |
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2
important
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adj.重要的;重大的;严重的 | |
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3
sentence
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n.句子;判决,宣判 vt.宣判,判决 | |
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carefully
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adv.仔细地;小心地 | |
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carelessly
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adv.无忧无虑地;粗心大意地;草率地;淡漠地 | |
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field
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adj.野外;n.地,田地 | |
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was
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v.(is,am的过去式)是,在 | |
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anybody
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n.重要人物;pron.任何人 | |
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9
saw
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vbl.看见(see的过去式);n.锯;v.用锯子锯 | |
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10
vacation
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n.假期,休假;vi.度假 | |
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perhaps
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adv.也许,可能 | |
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finished
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adj.完成的,精湛的;v.动词finish的过去式和过去分词 | |
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useful
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adj.有用的;有益的 | |
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popular
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adj.受欢迎的;流行的;通俗的 | |
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bill
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(Bill)比尔(男名);n.帐单,钞票,票据,清单;议案,法案;广告;鸟嘴,喙;vt.开帐单,用海报宣传,把...列成表 | |
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lily
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n.百合,百合花,睡莲 | |
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penny
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n.(英)便士,美分 | |
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practice
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n.练习,实行,习惯;v.练习,实习,开业 | |
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even
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adj.平坦的,偶数的,相等的;adv.甚至,恰好,正当 | |
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hometown
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n.故乡;家乡 | |
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pants
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n.(pl)裤子,短裤 | |
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