英美报刊节选翻译练习(二十)

时间:2008-02-21 03:11:30

(单词翻译:单击)

Does the Location of Your Home Affect Your Health?

A study of more than 5,000 children in Southern California found that those kids who lived within 250 feet (76 meters) of busy roads had a 50% higher risk of having had asthma1 symptoms in the past year. The researchers found that the asthma risk decreased to normal for children living about 600 feet or more away from a busy road. The greatest risk of asthma symptoms was found in children who had lived near busy roads since before age 2.

①Asthma is a disease of the human respiratory system in which the airways2 narrow, often in response to a "trigger" such as exposure to an allergen, cold air, exercise, or emotional stress. This narrowing causes symptoms such as wheezing4, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, which are the hallmarks of asthma. Between episodes, most patients feel fine.

The disorder5 is a chronic6 inflammatory condition in which the airways develop increased responsiveness to various stimuli7, characterized by bronchial hyper-responsiveness, inflammation, increased mucus production, and intermittent8 airway3 obstruction9. The symptoms of asthma, which can range from mild to life threatening, can usually be controlled with a combination of drugs and lifestyle changes.

Public attention in the developed world has recently focused on asthma because of its rapidly increasing prevalence, affecting up to one in four urban children.②Susceptibility to asthma can be explained in part by genetic10 factors, but no clear pattern of inheritance has been found. ③Asthma is a complex disease that is influenced by multiple genetic, developmental, and environmental factors, which interact to produce the overall condition.

 

④During an asthma episode, inflamed12 airways react to environmental triggers such as smoke, dust, or pollen13. The airways narrow and produce excess mucus, making it difficult to breathe.

 

 A typical inhaler, of Serevent (salmeterol)Symptomatic control of episodes of wheezing and shortness of breath is generally achieved with fast-acting bronchodilators. These are typically provided in pocket-sized, metered-dose inhalers (MDIs—see the image to the right). In young sufferers, who may have difficulty with the coordination15 necessary to use inhalers, or those with a poor ability to hold their breath for 10 seconds after inhaler use (generally the elderly), an asthma spacer is used. The spacer is a plastic cylinder16 that mixes the medication with air in a simple tube, making it easier for patients to receive a full dose of the drug (see top image) and allows for the active agent to be dispersed17 into smaller, more fully18 inhaled19 bits. A nebulizer—which provides a larger, continuous dose—can also be used. Nebulizers work by vapourizing a dose of medication in a saline solution into a steady stream of foggy vapor20, which the patient inhales21 continuously until the full dosage is administered. There is no clear evidence, however, that they are more effective than inhalers used with a spacer. Nebulizers may be helpful to some patients experiencing a severe attack. ⑤Such patients may not be able to inhale14 deeply, so regular inhalers may not deliver medication deeply into the lungs, even on repeated attempts. Since a nebulizer delivers the medication continuously, it is thought that the first few inhalations may relax the airways enough to allow the following inhalations to draw in more medication.Since a nebulizer delivers the medication continuously, it is thought that the first few inhalations may relax the airways enough to allow the following inhalations to draw in more medication.

new words

respiratory system    呼吸系统
The respiratory system is the biological system of any organism that engages in gas exchange. Even trees have respiratory systems, taking in carbon dioxide and emitting oxygen during the day, consuming carbon dioxide and producing oxygen constantly.

hallmarks    外表
A mark indicating quality or excellence22.

symptom    症状
A symptom may loosely be said to be a physical condition which shows that one has a particular illness or disorder (see e.g. Longman, 1995). An example of a symptom in this sense of the word would be a rash. However, correctly speaking, this is known as a sign, as would any indication detectable23 by a person other than the sufferer in the absence of verbal information from the patient.

dyspnea    呼吸困难
Dyspnea (Latin dyspnoea, Greek dyspnoia from dyspnoos - short of breath) or shortness of breath (SOB) is perceived difficulty breathing or pain on breathing. It is a common symptom of a great many disorders24.

epidemiology    流行病学
In epidemiology, the prevalence of a disease in a statistical25 population is defined as the ratio of the number of cases of a disease present in a statistical population at a specified26 time and the number of individuals in the population at that specified time.

Genetics    遗传学
Humans began applying knowledge of genetics in prehistory with the domestication27 and breeding of plants and animals. In modern research, genetics provides important tools for the investigation28 of the function of a particular gene11, e.g., analysis of genetic interactions. Within organisms, genetic information generally is carried in chromosomes29, where it is represented in the chemical structure of particular DNA30 molecules31.

Inheritance    遗传
Inheritance is the practice of passing on property, titles, debts, and obligations upon the death of an individual. It has long played an extremely important role in human societies.

hypersensitivity    过敏性
Hypersensitivity is an immune response that damages the body's own tissues.

spasm32    抽搐, 痉挛
A spasm is a sudden, involuntary contraction33 of a muscle, a group of muscles, or a hollow organ, or a similarly sudden contraction of an orifice. A spasm is usually accompanied by a sudden burst of pain.

Inflammation    炎症
Inflammation is the first response of the immune system to infection or irritation34 and may be referred to as the innate35 cascade36. Inflammation is characterized by the following quintet: redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling37 (tumor), pain (dolor) and dysfunction of the organs involved (functio laesa).

mucus    黏液
Mucus is a slippery secretion38 of the lining39 of various membranes40 in the body (mucous membranes). Mucus aids in the protection of the lungs by trapping foreign particles that enter the nose during normal breathing. Additionally, it prevents tissues from drying out.

bronchodilator    支气管扩张
A bronchodilator is a medication intended to improve bronchial airflow. Treatment of bronchial asthma is the most common application of these drugs. They are also intended to help expand the airways and improve the breathing capacity of patients with emphysema, pneumonia41 and bronchitis.

inhaler    吸入器
An inhaler is a medical device used for delivering medication into the body via the lungs. It is often used in the treatment of asthma

nebulizer    喷雾器
In medicine, a nebulizer is a device used to administer medication to people in forms of a liquid mist to the airways. It is thus used in treating respiratory diseases. Also called "atomizers", they pump air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is then inhaled by the patient.

BACKGROUND:

哮喘是一种气道的慢性炎症性疾病,可引起反复发作的喘息,气促,胸闷和咳嗽等症状,多在夜间和清晨发作。症状时隐时现,可以持续几分钟或者几天,症状可轻可重,严重时可危及生命。 哮喘的病因是多方面的,归纳之有两方面,即过敏性和非过敏性因素。过敏性因素包括花粉、灰尘、螨虫、动物毛发、食物(尤其是鱼虾类)、油漆、烟雾等;非过敏因素包括遗传、呼吸道感染、药物(如阿司匹林等)、定型发胶、精神紧张、情绪激动、剧烈运动等。 有过敏体质的人接触抗原后,使平滑肌立即发生痉挛,此为速发性哮喘反应。更常见的是不少患者在接触抗原数小时乃至数10小时后方始发作哮喘,称为迟发性哮喘反应,这是气道变应性炎症的结果。气道粘膜水肿、炎性细胞浸润、腺体分泌增中、粘液纤毛清除功能障碍,加上管腔内粘液栓阻塞也是哮喘发作的重要机制。 内源性哮喘的成因至今还未清楚,而外源性哮喘则主要由致敏原所引发。此外,这两种哮喘的成因与遗传和环境因素都有关系。哮喘是遗传病的一种,根据一些数据显示,如果双亲中有其中一位患有哮喘,则子女会有百分之二十五的机会出现哮喘的症状,而如果双亲均为哮喘患者,则子女约有四成机会患上哮喘。而当遗传的因素结合后天环境的影响,病发率便会大为提高。 “过敏性哮喘与家族遗传有部分关系,但有些孩子的过敏体质是后天形成的。”有研究显示,如果父母双方有一人有过敏体质,则生下来的孩子50%可能患有过敏病。假如父母均有过敏病,这种机会大幅增加。 “除了城市污染,空气中尘埃物及废气过多、水体污染、病从口入等都会引起疾病。比如:海鲜一类属于异性蛋白质类食物,极有可能诱发过敏性哮喘。” “加强体格锻炼,增强体质,是长期备战过敏性哮喘发作的有力措施。” 进行秋泳,因为秋泳不仅能锻炼皮肤耐受冷的刺激,利用游泳时的呼吸方法,还可增加肺活量,改善肺功能,抵挡哮喘。更重要的是,从心理上增强抗病信心。“最好在夏季便开始游泳,坚持到现在,那样身体能有一个适应过程。如果想从现在开始秋泳,要注意水温,不要过低,慢慢适应。”

 

≡参考答案:≡

 

1.哮喘是人类的呼吸通道变窄的呼吸系统疾病,经常被认为由过敏原、冷空气、运动(剧烈运动)或者情绪激动而引起的

2.哮喘的易感性某种程度上与遗传基因有关,但是没有确切的遗传模式被发现

3.哮喘是一个复杂的疾病,它是由多基因,发育和环境因素所制约,他们相互作用产生了最终结果(哮喘这个疾病)

4.通过哮喘插图,发炎的(呼吸)空气通道对例如烟,灰尘或者花粉产生反应,呼吸通道变窄,产生额外的黏液,使呼吸变得困难。

4、在哮喘发作时,环境因素如烟,粉尘或花粉会加重气道炎症,(这句可以这样翻译吗)气道狭窄并产生过量的粘液,使之通气更加困难。

5.这样的患者不能吸入太深,所以即使在多次尝试中,标准的呼吸器不能把药物向肺部喷入过深

5、这些患者不能深吸气,因此即使通过普通吸入器反复给药,也无法使药物完全进入肺内。


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 asthma WvezQ     
n.气喘病,哮喘病
参考例句:
  • I think he's having an asthma attack.我想他现在是哮喘病发作了。
  • Its presence in allergic asthma is well known.它在过敏性气喘中的存在是大家很熟悉的。
2 AIRWAYS 5a794ea66d6229951550b106ef7caa7a     
航空公司
参考例句:
  • The giant jets that increasingly dominate the world's airways. 越来越称雄于世界航线的巨型喷气机。
  • At one point the company bought from Nippon Airways a 727 jet. 有一次公司从日本航空公司买了一架727型喷气机。
3 airway xzez8W     
n.空中航线,通风口
参考例句:
  • Lay them on their side and ensure the airway is unobstructed.让他们侧躺着,并确保呼吸道畅通。
  • There is a purple airway in London Airport.伦敦机场里有一条皇家专用飞机跑道。
4 wheezing 725d713049073d5b2a804fc762d3b774     
v.喘息,发出呼哧呼哧的喘息声( wheeze的现在分词 );哮鸣
参考例句:
  • He was coughing and wheezing all night. 他整夜又咳嗽又喘。
  • A barrel-organ was wheezing out an old tune. 一架手摇风琴正在呼哧呼哧地奏着一首古老的曲子。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
5 disorder Et1x4     
n.紊乱,混乱;骚动,骚乱;疾病,失调
参考例句:
  • When returning back,he discovered the room to be in disorder.回家后,他发现屋子里乱七八糟。
  • It contained a vast number of letters in great disorder.里面七零八落地装着许多信件。
6 chronic BO9zl     
adj.(疾病)长期未愈的,慢性的;极坏的
参考例句:
  • Famine differs from chronic malnutrition.饥荒不同于慢性营养不良。
  • Chronic poisoning may lead to death from inanition.慢性中毒也可能由虚弱导致死亡。
7 stimuli luBwM     
n.刺激(物)
参考例句:
  • It is necessary to curtail or alter normally coexisting stimuli.必需消除或改变正常时并存的刺激。
  • My sweat glands also respond to emotional stimuli.我的汗腺对情绪刺激也能产生反应。
8 intermittent ebCzV     
adj.间歇的,断断续续的
参考例句:
  • Did you hear the intermittent sound outside?你听见外面时断时续的声音了吗?
  • In the daytime intermittent rains freshened all the earth.白天里,时断时续地下着雨,使整个大地都生气勃勃了。
9 obstruction HRrzR     
n.阻塞,堵塞;障碍物
参考例句:
  • She was charged with obstruction of a police officer in the execution of his duty.她被指控妨碍警察执行任务。
  • The road was cleared from obstruction.那条路已被清除了障碍。
10 genetic PgIxp     
adj.遗传的,遗传学的
参考例句:
  • It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
  • Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。
11 gene WgKxx     
n.遗传因子,基因
参考例句:
  • A single gene may have many effects.单一基因可能具有很多种效应。
  • The targeting of gene therapy has been paid close attention.其中基因治疗的靶向性是值得密切关注的问题之一。
12 inflamed KqEz2a     
adj.发炎的,红肿的v.(使)变红,发怒,过热( inflame的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • His comments have inflamed teachers all over the country. 他的评论激怒了全国教师。
  • Her joints are severely inflamed. 她的关节严重发炎。 来自《简明英汉词典》
13 pollen h1Uzz     
n.[植]花粉
参考例句:
  • Hummingbirds have discovered that nectar and pollen are very nutritious.蜂鸟发现花蜜和花粉是很有营养的。
  • He developed an allergy to pollen.他对花粉过敏。
14 inhale ZbJzA     
v.吸入(气体等),吸(烟)
参考例句:
  • Don't inhale dust into your lung.别把灰尘吸进肺里。
  • They are pleased to not inhale second hand smoke.他们很高兴他们再也不会吸到二手烟了。
15 coordination Ho8zt     
n.协调,协作
参考例句:
  • Gymnastics is a sport that requires a considerable level of coordination.体操是一项需要高协调性的运动。
  • The perfect coordination of the dancers and singers added a rhythmic charm to the performance.舞蹈演员和歌手们配合得很好,使演出更具魅力。
16 cylinder rngza     
n.圆筒,柱(面),汽缸
参考例句:
  • What's the volume of this cylinder?这个圆筒的体积有多少?
  • The cylinder is getting too much gas and not enough air.汽缸里汽油太多而空气不足。
17 dispersed b24c637ca8e58669bce3496236c839fa     
adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的
参考例句:
  • The clouds dispersed themselves. 云散了。
  • After school the children dispersed to their homes. 放学后,孩子们四散回家了。
18 fully Gfuzd     
adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地
参考例句:
  • The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气,然后全部呼出。
  • They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。
19 inhaled 1072d9232d676d367b2f48410158ae32     
v.吸入( inhale的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • She closed her eyes and inhaled deeply. 她合上双眼,深深吸了一口气。
  • Janet inhaled sharply when she saw him. 珍妮特看到他时猛地吸了口气。 来自《简明英汉词典》
20 vapor DHJy2     
n.蒸汽,雾气
参考例句:
  • The cold wind condenses vapor into rain.冷风使水蒸气凝结成雨。
  • This new machine sometimes transpires a lot of hot vapor.这部机器有时排出大量的热气。
21 inhales 66258917108130a73b89d266a92937e0     
v.吸入( inhale的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • Long, slow, full breaths with exhales at least as long as the inhales. 深长、缓慢、充分的呼吸,呼气至少要同吸气一样长。 来自互联网
  • An impressive pile forms. Heywood bends down and inhales deeply, smelling the aroma. Rapture. 一小排香烟。海沃德低下头使劲地闻着香烟的气味,高兴不已。 来自互联网
22 excellence ZnhxM     
n.优秀,杰出,(pl.)优点,美德
参考例句:
  • His art has reached a high degree of excellence.他的艺术已达到炉火纯青的地步。
  • My performance is far below excellence.我的表演离优秀还差得远呢。
23 detectable tuXzmd     
adj.可发觉的;可查明的
参考例句:
  • The noise is barely detectable by the human ear.人的耳朵几乎是察觉不到这种噪音的。
  • The inflection point at this PH is barely detectable.在此PH值下,拐点不易发现。
24 disorders 6e49dcafe3638183c823d3aa5b12b010     
n.混乱( disorder的名词复数 );凌乱;骚乱;(身心、机能)失调
参考例句:
  • Reports of anorexia and other eating disorders are on the increase. 据报告,厌食症和其他饮食方面的功能紊乱发生率正在不断增长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The announcement led to violent civil disorders. 这项宣布引起剧烈的骚乱。 来自《简明英汉词典》
25 statistical bu3wa     
adj.统计的,统计学的
参考例句:
  • He showed the price fluctuations in a statistical table.他用统计表显示价格的波动。
  • They're making detailed statistical analysis.他们正在做具体的统计分析。
26 specified ZhezwZ     
adj.特定的
参考例句:
  • The architect specified oak for the wood trim. 那位建筑师指定用橡木做木饰条。
  • It is generated by some specified means. 这是由某些未加说明的方法产生的。
27 domestication a412c94ddc4dddbce0e57281001e9ede     
n.驯养,驯化
参考例句:
  • The first was the domestication of animals. 第一个阶段是驯养动物。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • In northwestern China, there is no evidence for endemic domestication of any animals. 在中国西北,没有任何当地动物驯化的迹象。 来自辞典例句
28 investigation MRKzq     
n.调查,调查研究
参考例句:
  • In an investigation,a new fact became known, which told against him.在调查中新发现了一件对他不利的事实。
  • He drew the conclusion by building on his own investigation.他根据自己的调查研究作出结论。
29 chromosomes 11783d79c0016b60332bbf1856b3f77d     
n.染色体( chromosome的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Chromosomes also determine the sex of animals. 染色体也决定动物的性别。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Each of four chromosomes divide longitudinally. 四种染色体的每一种都沿着纵向分裂。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
30 DNA 4u3z1l     
(缩)deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸
参考例句:
  • DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell.脱氧核糖核酸储存于细胞的细胞核里。
  • Gene mutations are alterations in the DNA code.基因突变是指DNA密码的改变。
31 molecules 187c25e49d45ad10b2f266c1fa7a8d49     
分子( molecule的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The structure of molecules can be seen under an electron microscope. 分子的结构可在电子显微镜下观察到。
  • Inside the reactor the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules. 在反应堆里,大分子裂变为小分子。
32 spasm dFJzH     
n.痉挛,抽搐;一阵发作
参考例句:
  • When the spasm passed,it left him weak and sweating.一阵痉挛之后,他虚弱无力,一直冒汗。
  • He kicked the chair in a spasm of impatience.他突然变得不耐烦,一脚踢向椅子。
33 contraction sn6yO     
n.缩略词,缩写式,害病
参考例句:
  • The contraction of this muscle raises the lower arm.肌肉的收缩使前臂抬起。
  • The forces of expansion are balanced by forces of contraction.扩张力和收缩力相互平衡。
34 irritation la9zf     
n.激怒,恼怒,生气
参考例句:
  • He could not hide his irritation that he had not been invited.他无法掩饰因未被邀请而生的气恼。
  • Barbicane said nothing,but his silence covered serious irritation.巴比康什么也不说,但是他的沉默里潜伏着阴郁的怒火。
35 innate xbxzC     
adj.天生的,固有的,天赋的
参考例句:
  • You obviously have an innate talent for music.你显然有天生的音乐才能。
  • Correct ideas are not innate in the mind.人的正确思想不是自己头脑中固有的。
36 cascade Erazm     
n.小瀑布,喷流;层叠;vi.成瀑布落下
参考例句:
  • She watched the magnificent waterfall cascade down the mountainside.她看着壮观的瀑布从山坡上倾泻而下。
  • Her hair fell over her shoulders in a cascade of curls.她的卷发像瀑布一样垂在肩上。
37 swelling OUzzd     
n.肿胀
参考例句:
  • Use ice to reduce the swelling. 用冰敷消肿。
  • There is a marked swelling of the lymph nodes. 淋巴结处有明显的肿块。
38 secretion QDozG     
n.分泌
参考例句:
  • Is there much secretion from your eyes?你眼里的分泌物多吗?
  • In addition,excessive secretion of oil,water scarcity are also major factors.除此之外,油脂分泌过盛、缺水也都是主要因素。
39 lining kpgzTO     
n.衬里,衬料
参考例句:
  • The lining of my coat is torn.我的外套衬里破了。
  • Moss makes an attractive lining to wire baskets.用苔藓垫在铁丝篮里很漂亮。
40 membranes 93ec26b8b1eb155ef0aeaa845da95972     
n.(动物或植物体内的)薄膜( membrane的名词复数 );隔膜;(可起防水、防风等作用的)膜状物
参考例句:
  • The waste material is placed in cells with permeable membranes. 废液置于有渗透膜的槽中。 来自辞典例句
  • The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a system of intracellular membranes. 肌浆网属于细胞内膜系统。 来自辞典例句
41 pneumonia s2HzQ     
n.肺炎
参考例句:
  • Cage was struck with pneumonia in her youth.凯奇年轻时得过肺炎。
  • Pneumonia carried him off last week.肺炎上星期夺去了他的生命。

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