法律类文章精选:ENDING THE ROUNDUPS

时间:2006-09-13 02:55:33

(单词翻译:单击)

4 ENDING THE ROUNDUPS

  With Chicago's antiloitering law struck down, California is a model for how to fight street gangs

  The image was riveting1, as justice John Paul Stevens, a Chicago native, presented it. A gang member and his father are hanging out near Wrigley Field. Are they there "to rob an unsuspecting fan or just to get a glimpse of Sammy Sosa leaving the ball park?" A police officer has no idea, but under Chicago's anti-gang law, the cop must order them to disperse2. With Stevens writing for a 6-to-3 majority, the Supreme3 Court last week struck down Chicago's sweeping4 statute5, which had sparked 42,000 arrests in its three years of enforcement.

  The decision was a blow to advocates of get-tough crime policies. But in a widely noted6 concurring7 opinion, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor suggested that a less draconian8 approach--distinguishing gang members from innocent bystanders--might pass constitutional muster9. New language could target loiterers "with no apparent purpose other than to establish control over identifiable areas, to intimidate10 others from entering those areas or to conceal11 illegal activities," she wrote. Chicago officials vowed12 to draft a new measure. "We will go back and correct it and then move forward," said Mayor Richard Daley.

  Chicago officials, along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court, might do well to look at one state where anti-gang loitering prosecutions13 have withstood constitutional challenges: California. The state has two antiloitering statutes14 on the books, aimed at people intending to commit specific crimes--prostitution and drug dealing15. In addition, a number of local prosecutors17 are waging war against gangs by an innovative18 use of the public-nuisance laws.

  In cities such as Los Angeles and San Jose, prosecutors have sought injunctions against groups of people suspected of gang activity. "The officers in the streets know the gang members and gather physical evidence for lengthy19 court hearings," says Los Angeles prosecutor16 Martin Vranicar. If the evidence is enough to convince a judge, an injunction is issued to prohibit specific behavior--such as carrying cell phones or pagers or blocking sidewalk passage--in defined geographical20 areas. "It works instantly," says San Jose city attorney Joan Gallo, who successfully defended the tactic21 before the California Supreme Court. "A few days after the injunctions, children are playing on streets where they never were before."

  So far, only a few hundred gang members have been targeted, out of an estimated 150,000 in Los Angeles alone. But experts say last week's decision set the parameters23 for sharper measures. Says Harvard law professor Laurence Tribe: "It just means they have to use a scalpel rather than an invisible mallet24."

  ~~~~~~~~

  注(1):本文选自By Margot Hornblower/Los Angeles With reporting by Timothy Roche/Chicago and Andrea Sachs/New York Time; 06/21/99, Vol. 153 Issue 24, p55, 2/3p, 1bw

  注(2):本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题Text 2。

  1.What does the author intend to illustrate25 with the example of the gang member and his father?

  [A]How the antiloitering law works.

  [B]How to maintain charming image.

  [C]How tough the crime polices were.

  [D]Why Chicago’s sweeping statute stroke down.

  2.What can we infer from the first two paragraphs?

  [A]Chicago’s antiloitering law shouldn’t be struck down.

  [B]The cop was entitled to send the gangs away.

  [C]Chicago officials yielded to the result of striking down the law.

  [D]antiloitering law in Chicago was much too severe for the majority.

  3.The third and fourth paragraphs suggest that ________.

  [A]the League of Cities and 31 states should work with Chicago officials

  [B]the injunctions in some cities brought back the safety on the street

  [C]California successfully starts the battle against the gangs

  [D]the police officers shoulder more responsibility than before

  4.What does the author mean by “It just means they have to use a scalpel rather than an invisible mallet” (The Last Line, Paragraph 5)?

  [A]The gang members should be given a get-tough attitude in the long run.

  [B]The targeted gang members rather than all of them should be given a get-tough treatment.

  [C] A scalpel can cut off the tumors of the society while the invisible mallet fails to.

  [D]A scalpel is more powerful than the invisible mallet.

  5.Which of the following is true according to the text?

  [A]Chicago’s sweeping statute was struck down for its involving too many arrests.

  [B]Chicago officials still maintained their get-tough crime policies.

  [C]It was not safe for children to play on the street.

  [D]California used a scalpel while other states used an invisible mallet to cope with the gangs.

  答案:ADCBD

  篇章剖析

  本文采用提出问题---解决问题的模式。第一段和第二段提出芝加哥因为种种原因解除了禁止闲荡法令;第三段、四段和五段针对这一问题,指出加利福尼亚的做法是非常值得借鉴的。

  词汇注释

  loiter[5lCItE(r)]v.闲荡, 虚度, 徘徊

  rivet[5rIvIt]v. 吸引(注意力)

  disperse [dI5sp\:s]v.(使)分散, (使)散开, 疏散

  statute [5stAtju:t]n.法令, 条例

  enforcement [In`fR:smEnt]n.执行, 强制

  concur[kEn5k\:(r)]v.同时发生

  draconian [drE5kEJnIEn]adj.严酷的,极其残酷的;十分严厉的:

  intimidate [In5tImIdeIt]v. 恐吓使胆怯;使害怕

  innovative [`InEJveItIv]adj.创新的, 革新(主义)的

  injunction [In5dVQNkF(E)n]n.命令, 指令, [律]禁令

  parameter22 [pE5rAmItE(r)]n.参数, 参量, <口>起限定作用的因素

  scalpel [5skAlp(E)l]n.解剖刀

  mallet [5mAlIt]n.槌棒

  难句突破

  1.Chicago officials, along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court, might do well to look at one state where anti-gang loitering prosecutions have withstood constitutional challenges: California.

  主体结构:Chicago officials might do well to look at …

  结构分析:“along with the League of Cities and 31 states”在句子中做伴随状语,其中that又引导定语从句进行修饰;主句中where又引导从句来修饰state。

  句子翻译:只要芝加哥官员以及那些在法庭上支持他们的城市联盟和31个州去看看那个州—加州—的情况就可以处理好他们的问题。加州的反犯罪集团闲荡起诉案已经受住了宪法的挑战。

  题目分析

  1.答案为A,属推理判断题。文中对应信息“but under Chicago's anti-gang law, the cop must order them to disperse”,从第一段我们可以看出作者在介绍芝加哥的“禁止闲荡法令”是如何运做及被解除的。

  2.答案为D,属推理判断题。第一段和第二段主要介绍芝加哥解除了“禁止闲荡法令”。从第一段“which had sparked 42,000 arrests in its three years of enforcement”,我们可以看出这一法令是非常严厉的;从第二段“But in a widely noted concurring opinion, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor suggested that a less draconian approach--distinguishing gang members from innocent bystanders--might pass constitutional muster.”我们可以看出一项较宽松的法令即将出台。从这些地方我们可做出判断。

  3.答案为C, 属推理判断题。第三段和第四段主要介绍了加利福尼亚州是如何与街头帮派行为做斗争的。

  4.答案为B,属推理判断题。这篇文章中存在对比:芝加哥的肃清法令“sparked 42,000 arrests in its three years of enforcement”,重在大范围的打击;加利福尼亚州“So far, only a few hundred gang members have been targeted, out of an estimated 150,000 in Los Angeles alone.”重在小范围的清除。

  5.答案为D,属推理判断题。分析同第四题。

  参考译文

  团伙犯罪休矣

  随着芝加哥禁止闲荡法的废除,加利福尼亚成为与街头犯罪集团斗争的典范

  正如芝加哥法官约翰·保罗·斯蒂文斯所描述的那样,这种景象是非常吸引人的。一个犯罪集团成员和他的父亲在里格利球场附近闲荡,他们在那“是想抢劫一个毫无戒心的球迷呢,还是只为了目睹一下正在离场的塞米索萨棒球队的风采呢?”警官不得而知,但是根据芝加哥反犯罪集团法,警察必须命令他们散开。鉴于史蒂文法官上书要求以6比3的多数通过废除法令案,上个星期最高法院废除了芝加哥的肃清法令。这项法令在三年的实施时间里,引发了42,000起逮捕案。

  这一决定对于那些主张严厉惩治犯罪的人来说,无疑是当头一棒。但是根据一种相当著名且普遍赞同的观点,法官桑德拉•戴•奥康纳认为,采取一种不太严厉的做法—把犯罪集团成员与无辜的旁观者加以区分的方法—可能更符合宪法的规定。她这样写道,议案中使用的新的措辞可能会把那些“除了控制可识别区域、恐吓他人不得进入该区域或隐瞒非法活动外没有其它明确目的”的闲荡者作为目标。芝加哥官员发誓要起草一项新措施。理查德•戴利市长说:“我们要回过头去对其进行纠正,然后再继续往前走。”

  只要芝加哥官员以及那些在法庭上支持他们的城市联盟和31个州去看看那个州—加州—的情况就可以处理好他们的问题。加州的反犯罪集团闲荡起诉案已经受住了宪法的挑战。这个州已将两部禁止闲荡的法律编辑成册,该法律主要针对那些意欲犯如卖淫和贩毒等特种罪行的人。另外,当地一些检察官正创新性地应用公共妨害法向犯罪集团宣战。

  在洛杉矶和圣何塞这样的城市,检察官已要求对那些被怀疑有团伙犯罪行为的犯罪集团成员实行禁令。洛杉矶检察官马丁•弗拉尼卡说:“大街上巡逻的警察熟悉犯罪集团的成员,并为漫长的法庭审讯收集物证。” 如果证据能足以使法官信服,就会颁布禁令,在特定区域里禁止某些特定的行为—比如携带手机或寻呼机或阻碍行人通道。曾在加利福尼亚最高法庭上成功为泰迪公司(The Tactic)进行辩护的圣何塞市律师琼•加洛说:“这马上就奏效了。禁止令颁布几天之后,孩子们就开始在他们以前未去过的大街上玩耍了。”

  据估计,洛杉矶150,000个犯罪集团成员中,至今只有几百人被定为目标对象。但是专家们表示,上周的决定为实施更为严厉的措施确立了范围。哈福法律教授劳伦斯•特莱布说:“这只是意味着,他们须用手术刀,而不是用无形的木槌来解决这一问题了。”

 


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1 riveting HjrznM     
adj.动听的,令人着迷的,完全吸引某人注意力的;n.铆接(法)
参考例句:
  • I find snooker riveting though I don't play myself.虽然我自己不打斯诺克,但是我觉得它挺令人着迷。
  • To my amazement,I found it riveting.但令我惊讶的是,我发现它的吸引人处。
2 disperse ulxzL     
vi.使分散;使消失;vt.分散;驱散
参考例句:
  • The cattle were swinging their tails to disperse the flies.那些牛甩动着尾巴驱赶苍蝇。
  • The children disperse for the holidays.孩子们放假了。
3 supreme PHqzc     
adj.极度的,最重要的;至高的,最高的
参考例句:
  • It was the supreme moment in his life.那是他一生中最重要的时刻。
  • He handed up the indictment to the supreme court.他把起诉书送交最高法院。
4 sweeping ihCzZ4     
adj.范围广大的,一扫无遗的
参考例句:
  • The citizens voted for sweeping reforms.公民投票支持全面的改革。
  • Can you hear the wind sweeping through the branches?你能听到风掠过树枝的声音吗?
5 statute TGUzb     
n.成文法,法令,法规;章程,规则,条例
参考例句:
  • Protection for the consumer is laid down by statute.保障消费者利益已在法令里作了规定。
  • The next section will consider this environmental statute in detail.下一部分将详细论述环境法令的问题。
6 noted 5n4zXc     
adj.著名的,知名的
参考例句:
  • The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
  • Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。
7 concurring 39fa2f2bfe5d505a1a086e87282cf7dd     
同时发生的,并发的
参考例句:
  • Concurring with expectations, the degree of polymorphism was highest in the central. 正如所料,多型性程度在中部种群中最高。
  • The more an affect arises from a number of causes concurring together, the greater it is. 同时凑合起来以激起一个情感的原因愈多,则这个情感将必愈大。
8 draconian Skvzd     
adj.严苛的;苛刻的;严酷的;龙一样的
参考例句:
  • You can't expect the people to obey such draconian regulations.你不能指望人民服从如此严苛的规定。
  • The city needs a draconian way of dealing with robbers.这个城市需要一个严苛的办法来对付强盗。
9 muster i6czT     
v.集合,收集,鼓起,激起;n.集合,检阅,集合人员,点名册
参考例句:
  • Go and muster all the men you can find.去集合所有你能找到的人。
  • I had to muster my courage up to ask him that question.我必须鼓起勇气向他问那个问题。
10 intimidate 5Rvzt     
vt.恐吓,威胁
参考例句:
  • You think you can intimidate people into doing what you want?你以为你可以威胁别人做任何事?
  • The first strike capacity is intended mainly to intimidate adversary.第一次攻击的武力主要是用来吓阻敌方的。
11 conceal DpYzt     
v.隐藏,隐瞒,隐蔽
参考例句:
  • He had to conceal his identity to escape the police.为了躲避警方,他只好隐瞒身份。
  • He could hardly conceal his joy at his departure.他几乎掩饰不住临行时的喜悦。
12 vowed 6996270667378281d2f9ee561353c089     
起誓,发誓(vow的过去式与过去分词形式)
参考例句:
  • He vowed quite solemnly that he would carry out his promise. 他非常庄严地发誓要实现他的诺言。
  • I vowed to do more of the cooking myself. 我发誓自己要多动手做饭。
13 prosecutions 51e124aef1b1fecefcea6048bf8b0d2d     
起诉( prosecution的名词复数 ); 原告; 实施; 从事
参考例句:
  • It is the duty of the Attorney-General to institute prosecutions. 检察总长负责提起公诉。
  • Since World War II, the government has been active in its antitrust prosecutions. 第二次世界大战以来,政府积极地进行着反对托拉斯的检举活动。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件
14 statutes 2e67695e587bd14afa1655b870b4c16e     
成文法( statute的名词复数 ); 法令; 法规; 章程
参考例句:
  • The numerous existing statutes are complicated and poorly coordinated. 目前繁多的法令既十分复杂又缺乏快调。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
  • Each agency is also restricted by the particular statutes governing its activities. 各个机构的行为也受具体法令限制。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
15 dealing NvjzWP     
n.经商方法,待人态度
参考例句:
  • This store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing.该商店因买卖公道而享有极高的声誉。
  • His fair dealing earned our confidence.他的诚实的行为获得我们的信任。
16 prosecutor 6RXx1     
n.起诉人;检察官,公诉人
参考例句:
  • The defender argued down the prosecutor at the court.辩护人在法庭上驳倒了起诉人。
  • The prosecutor would tear your testimony to pieces.检查官会把你的证言驳得体无完肤。
17 prosecutors a638e6811c029cb82f180298861e21e9     
检举人( prosecutor的名词复数 ); 告发人; 起诉人; 公诉人
参考例句:
  • In some places,public prosecutors are elected rather than appointed. 在有些地方,检察官是经选举而非任命产生的。 来自口语例句
  • You've been summoned to the Prosecutors' Office, 2 days later. 你在两天以后被宣到了检察官的办公室。
18 innovative D6Vxq     
adj.革新的,新颖的,富有革新精神的
参考例句:
  • Discover an innovative way of marketing.发现一个创新的营销方式。
  • He was one of the most creative and innovative engineers of his generation.他是他那代人当中最富创造性与革新精神的工程师之一。
19 lengthy f36yA     
adj.漫长的,冗长的
参考例句:
  • We devoted a lengthy and full discussion to this topic.我们对这个题目进行了长时间的充分讨论。
  • The professor wrote a lengthy book on Napoleon.教授写了一部有关拿破仑的巨著。
20 geographical Cgjxb     
adj.地理的;地区(性)的
参考例句:
  • The current survey will have a wider geographical spread.当前的调查将在更广泛的地域范围內进行。
  • These birds have a wide geographical distribution.这些鸟的地理分布很广。
21 tactic Yqowc     
n.战略,策略;adj.战术的,有策略的
参考例句:
  • Reducing prices is a common sales tactic.降价是常用的销售策略。
  • She had often used the tactic of threatening to resign.她惯用以辞职相威胁的手法。
22 parameter eK4xZ     
n.参数,参量
参考例句:
  • It is the parameter of distribution.这就是分布参数。
  • One parameter which always comes into play is the national economy.国民经济是一个经常起作用的参量。
23 parameters 166e64f6c3677d0c513901242a3e702d     
因素,特征; 界限; (限定性的)因素( parameter的名词复数 ); 参量; 参项; 决定因素
参考例句:
  • We have to work within the parameters of time. 我们的工作受时间所限。
  • See parameters.cpp for a compilable example. This is part of the Spirit distribution. 可编译例子见parameters.cpp.这是Spirit分发包的组成部分。
24 mallet t7Mzz     
n.槌棒
参考例句:
  • He hit the peg mightily on the top with a mallet.他用木槌猛敲木栓顶。
  • The chairman rapped on the table twice with his mallet.主席用他的小木槌在桌上重敲了两下。
25 illustrate IaRxw     
v.举例说明,阐明;图解,加插图
参考例句:
  • The company's bank statements illustrate its success.这家公司的银行报表说明了它的成功。
  • This diagram will illustrate what I mean.这个图表可说明我的意思。

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