1. The demand for airplane mechanics is expected to grow about ten percent a year in the next decade, largely because new federal rules calling for major modifications¹ to older planes and because the air-lines are adding hundreds of new jets.
(A) new federal rules calling for major modifications to older planes
(B) new federal rules, which call for major modifications to older planes
(C) new federal rules call for major modifications to older planes
(D) major modifications to older planes called for by new federal rules
(E) major modifications to older planes are called for according to new federal rules
2. In the late seventh century, in a dispute over whether the Prophet Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali, should carry on as the fourth caliph, Muhammad's successor, Islam split into two branches, the Sunnis and the Shiites.
(A) over whether the Prophet Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali, should carry on as the fourth caliph, Muhammad's successor
(B) over if Ali, the Prophet Muhammad's son-in-law, was going to carry on and be the fourth caliph, Muhammad's successor
(C) over whether Ali, the Prophet Muhammad's son-in-law, was going to carry on and be the fourth caliph, Muhammad's successor
(D) as to whether the fourth caliph, Muhammad's successor, is to be the Prophet Muhammad's son-in-low, Ali
(E) concerning if the fourth caliph, Muhammad's successor, was to be the Prophet Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali

3. Some analysts² point out that because people are becoming accustomed to a steady inflation rate of four to five percent, businesses found that they could raise prices according to this amount without thereby³ provoking strong public reaction.
(A) found that they could raise prices according to this amount without thereby provoking
(B) found that they were capable of raising prices by this amount and not provoke
(C) find that they are capable of raising prices by this amount and not provoke
(D) are finding that they can raise prices by this amount without provoking
(E) are finding that they can raise prices according to this amount and will not thereby provoke

4. Although it was once funded entirely⁴ by the government, the Victoria and Albert Museum was
one of the first of Britain's national museums seeking support from corporations and private
donors and to increase income by increasing attendance.
(A) one of the first of Britain's national museums seeking support from
(B) one of Britain's first national museums seeking support of

(C) among Britain's first national museums to seek support of
(D) among the first of Britain's national museums to seek support from
(E) among Britain's first national museums that have sought the support of

5. Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to sustain the state's economy after the exhaustion⁵ of its oil reserves.
(A) fund, with the intention to sustain the state's economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves
(B) fund, the intention of which is to sustain the state's economy after they have exhausted⁶ their oil reserves
(C) fund intended to sustain the state's economy after oil reserves are exhausted
(D) fund intended to sustain the state's economy after exhausting its oil reserves
(E) fund that they intend to sustain the state's economy after oil reserves are exhausted

6. In June of 1989, Princeton Township approved a developer's plans to build 300 houses on a large portion of the 210-acre site of the Battle of Princeton, one of only eight Revolutionary War battlefields that had remained undeveloped.
(A) one of only eight Revolutionary War battlefields that had remained undeveloped
(B) one of eight of the only Revolutionary War battlefields that have remained undeveloped
(C) one of the only eight undeveloped Revolutionary War battlefields that remains
(D) only one of eight Revolutionary War battlefields to remain undeveloped
(E) only one of the eight remaining undeveloped Revolutionary War battlefields

7. The most favorable locations for the growth of glaciers⁷, rather than being the cold, dry polar regions, would be instead the cool, moist middle latitudes⁸, where there is abundant precipitation and where it is cold enough to allow some snow to accumulate year by year.
(A) glaciers, rather than being the cold, dry polar regions, would be instead the cool, moist middle latitudes
(B) glaciers are not the cold, dry polar regions but the cool, moist middle latitudes
(C) glaciers are the cool, moist middle latitudes rather than the cold, dry polar regions
(D) glaciers, instead of being the cold, dry polar regions, would be the cool, moist middle latitudes
(E) glaciers are, instead of the cold, dry polar regions, rather the cool, moist middle latitudes

8. One of the most powerful driving forces behind recycling is the threat of legislation that would quire companies that they take more responsibility for the disposal of its products.

(A) that they take more responsibility for the disposal of its products
(B) that they should take more responsibility for disposing of products
(C) having to take more responsibility for disposing of their products
(D) to take more responsibility for the disposal of their products
(E) taking more responsibility for their product's disposal

9. The evolution of the technology of microelectronics over the past decade has been so rapid that it is sometimes called a revolution.
(A) has been so rapid that it is sometimes
(B) has been rapid enough sometimes to be
(C) has been rapid enough it is sometimes
(D) is so rapid it has sometimes been
(E) is so rapid that it is sometimes

10. Contrary to popular belief, victors in the ancient Greek Olympic Games received cash prizes in addition to their laurel wreaths.
(A) Contrary to
(B) In contrast with
(C) Opposite of
(D) Unlike
(E) In spite of

11. The proposed urban development zones do not represent a new principle; it was employed in "Operation Bootstrap" in Puerto Rico.
(A) do not represent a new principle; it
(B) represent not a new principle, but one that
(C) are not a new principle; the same one
(D) are not a new principle, but one that
(E) are not new in principle; it

12. The nation's three military academies have seen a dramatic rise in applications, one fueled by a resurgence⁹ of patriotism¹⁰, increasing tuition costs at private colleges, and improved recruiting by the academies.
(A) one fueled by a resurgence of patriotism, increasing tuition costs at private colleges, and improved recruiting by the academies
(B) one fueled by a resurgence of patriotism, tuition costs that have increased at private colleges, and academies improving their recruiting
(C) one fueled by a resurgence of patriotism, private colleges that increased their tuition costs, and recruiting improvements by the academies
(D) fueled by a resurgence of patriotism, tuition costs increasing at private colleges, and academies improving their recruiting
(E) fueled by a resurgence of patriotism, increasing tuition costs at private colleges, and academies improving their recruiting

13. The lack of complete historical records from the mid-to-late 1800's have made some Black inventions difficult to trace to their originators.
(A) have made some Black inventions difficult to trace to their originators

(B) have made for difficulties in tracing some inventions by Blacks to their originators
(C) have made it difficult to trace some inventions by Blacks to their originators
(D) has made it difficult to trace some inventions to their Black originators
(E) has made it difficult in tracing some Black inventions to their originators

14. It is not likely that the competitive imbalance that now exists between Japan with all major industrial nations will be redressed¹¹ during the foreseeable future.
(A) with all major industrial nations will be redressed during
(B) with all other major industrial nations will be redressed within
(C) with all other major industrial nations will be redressed during
(D) and all major industrial nations will be redressed during
(E) and all other major industrial nations will be redressed within

15. The brochure notes that in the seminar the importance that communication is a two-way process will be emphasized.
(A) importance that communication is a two-way process will be emphasized
(B) importance of communication as a two-way process will be emphasized
(C) importance of communication being a two-way process will be the emphasis
(D) fact will be emphasized that communication is a two-way process and of importance
(E) emphasis will be that communication being a two-way process is important

16. In the 1950's astronomers¹² were divided between those who believed the universe began in a cosmic explosion (the "big bang") with those who favored the model of an eternal and infinite steady-state universe.
(A) universe began in a cosmic explosion (the "big bang") with
(B) universe began with a cosmic explosion (the "big bang") and
(C) universe had a beginning a cosmic explosion (the "big bang") or
(D) universe's beginning was a cosmic explosion (the "big bang") or
(E) universe's beginning was a cosmic explosion (the "big bang") against

17. Most large companies prefer customized computer software because it can be molded to fit the way a company does business, when off-the-shelf software often requires the company to alter its procedures to fit the software.
(A) when
(B) since
(C) whereas
(D) because
(E) insofar as

18. Stable interest rates on long-term bonds are the financial market's vote of confidence in the Federal Reserve keeping in control of inflation.
(A) in the Federal Reserve keeping in control of inflation

(B) that the Federal Reserve will keep inflation under control
(C) for the Federal Reserve, that it would keep control of inflation
(D) that inflation will be kept control of by the Federal Reserve
(E) that inflation would be kept control of by the Federal Reserve

19. The Forbidden City in Beijing, from which the emperors ruled by heavenly mandate¹³, was a site which a commoner or foreigner could not enter without any permission, on pain of death.
(A) which a commoner or foreigner could not enter without any permission
(B) which a commoner or foreigner could enter without any permission only
(C) which no commoner or foreigner could enter without permission
(D) which, without permission, neither commoner or foreigner could only enter
(E) which, to enter without permission, neither commoner or foreigner could do

20. Rather than continue to produce most of the items necessary for subsistence, a growing number of farm families during the first decades of the nineteenth century began to specialize in the production of grain or cotton and to use the cash proceeds from selling their crops for buying
necessities.
(A) selling their crops for buying
(B) the sales of their crops for buying
(C) their selling of crops so as to buy
(D) their selling crops for buying of
(E) the sale of their crops to buy

21. Although all the proceedings¹⁴ of the Communist party conference held in Moscow were not carried live, Soviet¹⁵ audiences have seen a great deal of coverage¹⁶.
(A) all the proceedings of the Communist party conference held in Moscow were not carried live
(B) all the Communist party conference's Moscow proceedings were not carried live
(C) all the Communist party conference Moscow proceedings have not been carried alive
(D) not all the Communist party conference Moscow proceedings have been carried alive
(E) not all the proceedings of the Communist party conference held in Moscow were carried live

22. In 1933 the rubber, clothing, and shipbuilding industries put into effect a six-hour workday,
believing it a seeming permanent accommodation rather than a temporary expedient¹⁷ for what many observers thought was an economy made over productive by advances in technology.
(A) believing it a seeming permanent accommodation rather than a temporary expedient for what many observers thought was
(B) believing it a seeming permanent accommodation instead of a temporary expedient for what many observers thought was

(C) believing that it was not a temporary expedient but a seeming permanent accommodation to what many observers thought of as
(D) not as a temporary expedient but as a seemingly permanent accommodation to what many observers thought was
(E) not as a temporary expedient but believing it a seemingly permanent accommodation for what many observers thought

23. Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups, each with its own executive.
(A) each with its own executive
(B) all having their own executive
(C) each having their own executive
(D) with its own executive for each
(E) every one with an executive of their own

24. The record of the past is always incomplete, and the historian who writes about it inevitably¹⁸ reflects the preoccupations of their own time.
(A) the historian who writes about it inevitably reflects
(B) the historian writing about it will inevitably reflect
(C) a historian writing about it inevitably reflects
(D) writing about it, it is inevitable¹⁹ for historians to reflect
(E) historians in writing about it inevitably reflect

25. Scientists calculated that the asteroid²⁰, traveling at 46,000 miles an hour, is on an elliptical path that orbits the Sun once a year and regularly brings it back toward Earth.
(A) hour, is on an elliptical path that orbits the Sun once a year and regularly brings it
(B) hour, is orbiting the Sun once a year on an elliptical path that regularly brings it
(C) hour, once a year orbits the Sun, regularly bringing it on an elliptical path
(D) hour and orbiting the Sun once a year on an elliptical path, regularly bringing it
(E) hour, orbits the Sun on an elliptical path once a year and that regularly brings it

26. Promotions²¹, retirements²², deaths, and other actions approved by the board of directors at its May meeting will be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper.
(A) Promotions, retirements, deaths, and other actions approved by the board of directors at its May meeting will be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper.
(B) Promotions, retirements, and other actions which have been approved at the May meeting of the board of directors along with deaths, with be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper.
(C) To be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper are the promotions, retirements, deaths, and other actions which were approved at the board of directors' May meeting.

(D) Meeting in May, the promotions, retirements, and other actions approved by the board of
directors, including obituaries²³, will be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper.
(E) The July 15 issue of the company paper will report on promotions, retirements, and other actions approved by the board of directors at its May meeting; the paper will also include obituaries.

27. The labor²⁴ agreement permits staff reductions through attrition with increased pension benefits and a special early-retirement program for speeding it up.
(A) attrition with increased pension benefits and a special early-retirement program for speeding it up
(B) attrition and provides increased pension benefits and a special early-retirement program to speed the attrition process
(C) attrition, which will be speeded up by providing increased pension benefits and a special early-retirement program
(D) attrition, which, by their providing increased pension benefits and a special early-retirement
program, will speed the process
(E) attrition, which provides increased pension benefits and a special early-retirement program for speeding the attrition process

28.Water and resource management problems will be at the head of the legislature's list of concerns for the coming session.
(A) Water and resource management problems
(B) Problems of managing water and resources
(C) Problems in the management of water and other resources
(D) Problems of water and other resource management
(E) Resource management problems, including water.

29. Once common throughout the Western plains, black-footed ferrets are thought to have declined in number as a result of the poisoning of prairie dogs, their prey²⁵.
(A) black-footed ferrets are thought to have declined in number as
(B) it is thought that the decline in number of black-footed ferrets is
(C) the decline in the number of black-footed ferrets is thought of as
(D) that black-footed ferrets have declined in their numbers is thought to be
(E) the numbers of the black-footed ferret are thought to have declined as

30. Citing evidence that the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere has increased more than seven percent in the last 30 years, many scientists have expressed a fear of destroying forests and
continued use of fossil fuels will cause an irreversible shift in Earth's climatic pattern.

(A) many scientists have expressed a fear of destroying forests and continued use of
(B) many scientists have expressed a fear that destruction of forests and continued use of
(C) many scientists have expressed a fear that destruction of forests and continually using
(D) a fear that many scientists have expressed is that destroying forests and continually using
(E) a fear that many scientists have expressed is that destruction of forests and continual using of

31. Prompted by new evidence that the health risk posed by radon gas is far more serious than was
previously thought, property owners are being advised by authorities to test all dwellings²⁶ below the third floor for radon gas and to make repairs as needed.
(A) property owners are being advised by authorities to
(B) property owners are advised by authorities that they should
(C) authorities are advising property owners to
(D) authorities are advising property owners they
(E) authorities' advice to property owners is they should

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