14.     Two years ago Nova High School began to use interactive¹ computer instruction in
three academic subjects. The school dropout² rate declined immediately and last year's
graduates have reported some impressive achievements in college. In future budgets the
school board should use a greater portion of the available funds to buy more computers,
and the schools in the district should adopt interactive computer instruction throughout
the curriculum.
 
Sample Essay 1:
      The argument that the school board should buy more computers and adopt
interactive computer instruction is not entirely³ logically convincing, since it ignores
certain crucial assumptions.
      First, the argument assumes that the decline of school dropout and the
achievements of last year's graduates' results from the adoption⁴ of interactive computer
instruction. However, there are several reasons why this might not be true. For example,
achievements could have been made in other subjects than the ones with interactive
computer instruction. Or last years' graduates might not have been given the interactive
computer instruction. Or the decline of the rate of dropout could be attributed to stricter
discipline applied⁵ last year.
       Second, even supposing the Nova High School's decline of the dropout and last
year's graduates' achievements benefit directly from the usage of interactive computer
instruction, the success of the instruction in one school may not ensure the success in
other schools. If it does not suit other schools, the instruction will not work.
       Finally, even if the decline of the rate of dropout and the achievements of the last
year's graduates' are the direct results of the interactive computer instruction, we still do
not know whether the school can afford to apply the instruction on all the subjects or to
all the students. If the school does not have sufficient fund and has to cut budgets on
other projects such as the library, the quality of the school's education will also
compromise.        
      Thus, the argument is not completely sound. The evidence in support of the
conclusion that the dropout rate declined and last year's graduates made impressive
achievements does little to prove the conclusion-that other schools should use a greater
portion of their funds to apply the instruction-since it does not address the assumptions I
have already raised. Ultimately, the argument might have been strengthened by making
it clear that the decline of the dropout rate and the achievements of the graduates are the
direct results of interactive computer instruction, that the instruction is also applicable to
other schools in the district, and that the instruction is affordable⁶ to all the schools in the
district.
 
Sample Essay 2:
      The editorial recommends that the school board of Nova High spend a greater
portion of available funds on the purchase of additional computers and adopt interactive
computer instruction throughout the curriculum. Two reasons are offered in support of
this recommendation. First, the introduction of interactive computer instruction in three
academic subjects was immediately followed by a decline in the school dropout rate.
Second, last year's graduates experienced impressive achievements in college. This
argument is unconvincing for two reasons.
      To begin with, this argument is a classic instance of "after this, therefore because
of this" reasoning. The mere⁷ fact that the introduction of interactive computer
instruction preceded the impressive performance of recent graduates and the decline in
the dropout rate is insufficient⁸ to conclude that it was the cause of these events. Many
other factors could bring about these same results. For example, the school may have
implemented⁹ counseling and training programs that better meet the needs of students
who might otherwise leave school to take jobs. In addition, the school may have
introduced programs to better prepare students for college.
      Secondly¹⁰, the author assumes that the impressive achievements of last year's
graduates bear some relation to the introduction of interactive computer instruction at
Nova High. However, no evidence is offered to support this assumption. Lacking
evidence that links the achievements of the recent graduates to the interactive
instruction, it is presumptuous¹¹ to suggest that the computer instruction was in some way
responsible for the students' impressive performance.
      In conclusion, the recommendation that Nova High spend a greater portion of
available funds on the purchase of additional computers and adopt interactive computer
instruction throughout the curriculum is ill-founded. To strengthen this recommendation
the author would have to demonstrate that the decline in the dropout rate and the
impressive performance of recent graduates came about as a result of the use of
computer-interactive instruction. All that has been shown so far is a correlation¹² between
these events.

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