Part III:1个main verb原则
理论上讲:一个句子只应该有一个为主的动词(即2)。
但是,实际运用的过程中,我们会发现一个句子中有多个动词,此时就需要:
标记清楚这些动词彼此间的逻辑关系!
这里的逻辑关系有两种情况:
1.并列(即:将这些动词视为地位相同;一般方式为使用and连接)
2.从属(即:牺牲某个或某些动词,将其处理成符合从属关系的方式,从而确保为主的动词只有一个;一般方式为使用动词三大非谓语形式:动词的ing形式、动词的过去分词形式、动词的不定式形式)
1.并列关系示例
示例1:I sat down beside her said nothing.
分析:sat与said之间没有标记逻辑关系,错误!可以添加and,形成并列关系,即:
I sat down beside her and said nothing.
示例2:I entered the room saw mother sit there wait for me come back.
分析:这里有5个动词,都没有标记逻辑关系,错误!通过分析,我们看到:entered和saw可以并列,因为它们拥有共同的1,即:I;sit和wait可以并列,因为它们拥有共同的1,即:mother,但这两组动词之间就不能再并列了,因为无法这么做。这就意味着:这句话里的动词有的可以并列,而有的不可以。
示例3:I opened the bag took out some paper and a pen, sat down started take notes.
分析:opened,took out,sat down,started这四个动词拥有共同的1,即:I,而且都是这个1直接行使或发出的动作,所以,可以采取并列关系;但take因为有个过渡层,而且在时态上也与其它动词处于不平衡状态,因此并列处理不合适。
2.从属关系示例
示例1:I sat down beside her said nothing.
分析:动词关系混乱,假如想确保sat,则需要牺牲后面的said,即:
I sat down beside her, saying nothing.
假如确保后面的said,则需牺牲前面的sat:
Sitting down beside her, I said nothing.
示例2:To quit smoking1, I eat candies.
不定式常常用来表示目的。
Part IV:一个句子一个句号的原则
理论上讲,一个句子一个句号,但是,实际运用中会有几个甚至多个句子摆放在一起共享一个句号,此时应该怎么办呢?
答案很简单:标记清楚这些句子间的逻辑关系。有两种:
1.并列关系示例
示例1:I sat down beside her. I said nothing.
变为:I sat down beside her and I said nothing.
示例2:He asked me a question. I answered him.
变为:He asked me a question and I answered him.
2.从属关系
1)运用各类从句,形成主从符合句,主要包括:
状语从句
宾语从句
定语从句
主语从句
同位语从句
2)运用非谓语动词进行从属方式的处理。此时,部分句子的主要动词变成了动词的非谓语形式,致使整体的复杂句式变成了简单句式,主要手段就是按照规则进行了下列三种形态的变化:
动词的ing形式
动词的过去分词形式
动词不定式形式
从属关系示例(以状语从句为例)
示例1:When he asked me a question, I answered him.
示例2:I was so angry that I beat him up!
示例3:If you ask me ‘why’, I will answer ‘because’!
示例4:Since you are not feeling well, just lie down and take a good rest.
示例5:Although I have tried my best, I can’t win her heart.
示例6:Wherever I am, I will be thinking of you.
示例7:I went out very early in the morning so that I could avoid the rush hour traffic.
非谓语动词方式处理示例
示例1:I sat beside her. I felt very nervous.
可变为:Sitting beside her, I felt very nervous.
或者:I sat beside her, feeling very nervous.
示例2:I want to quit smoking. I eat candies.
可变为:To quit smoking, I eat candies.
示例3:A young man was tired of sleeping on the floor. He saved up for years to buy a real bed.
可以变为:Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man saved up for years to buy a real bed.
示例4:Jimmy was dressed up as Father Christmas. He was accompanied by a guard of honor2 of six pretty girls. He set off down the main street of the city. He rode a baby elephant. The elephant was called Jumbo.
可以变为:Dressed up as Father Christmas and accompanied by a guard of honor of six pretty girls, Jimmy set off down the main street of the city, riding a baby elephant called Jumbo.