公共英语等级考试(PETS)二级真题c
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C
The research was done by a Dr. Griffiths in England. He compared the behavior of 15 regular gamblers(赌徒) with those of 15 non?regular gamblers before and after they gambled2. Both groups had increased heart rates(心率) during gambling3 because it was exciting. But the regular gamblers’ heart rates went down almost straight after the game, while the non?regulars remained excited and had increased heart rates for longer.
When the heart beat increases, the body produces chemicals called endorphins which make you feel good. Dr. Griffiths thinks that regular gamblers lose this good feeling soon after a game and need to play again quickly to regain4 the pleasure.
He has also discovered that regular gamblers have different psychological5 reactions(心理反应) from non?regular gamblers. In an experiment where regular and non?regular gamblers thought aloud while playing, regular gamblers had far more unreasonable6 thoughts. In their minds they turned losses into near?wins. Dr. Griffiths thinks that nearly winning gives the gambler1 a high in the same way that a win would do.
Based on Dr. Griffiths’ research, doctors suggest that one way to help regular gamblers to give up gambling is to give them beta?blockers — drugs that stop them getting a high in the first place.
64.Dr. Griffiths’ research helps you find out .
[A]which group of gamblers played the game better
[B]a chemical to increase gamblers’ heart beat
[C]a way to help gamblers give up gambling
[D]when gamblers should be  given drugs
65.How did Dr. Griffiths discover the gamblers’feelings when winning and losing?
[A]By examining the different chemicals in gamblers’bodies.
[B]By asking the gamblers to speak aloud their feelings.
[C]By asking the gamblers to discuss their ideas.
[D]By testing the gamblers’heart beat.
66.The underlined words “a high” probably mean “”.
[A]a feeling of happiness[B]a reasonable thought
[C]a great expectation[D]an exciting idea
67.According to the text, what do we know about non?regular gamblers?
[A]Their bodies produce less endorphins during the game.
[B]They don’t consider losses in a game as reasonable near?wins.
[C]Their bodies have no reaction to beta blockers.
[D]They have faster heart rates during the game.

D
It was probably around 3 000 years ago that people first began making things to help them measure the passage of time. Having noticed that shadows move around trees as the sun moves across the sky, someone drew a circle and put a stick in the center. As the sun passed overhead7, people could tell which part of the day it was by noticing which mark on the circle the shadow fell across. These circles were called “sundials”. Later, they were made of stone and metal to last longer.
Of course, a sundial did not work at night or on cloudy days, so men kept inventing(发明) other ways to keep track of time. After glass blowing was invented, the hourglass came into use. An hourglass is a glass container for measuring time in which sand moves slowly from the top half to the bottom in exactly one hour. The hourglass is turned over every hour so the sand could flow again.
One of the first clocks with a face and an hour hand was built for a king of France and placed in the tower of his palace. The clock did not show minutes or seconds. Since there were no planes or trains to catch, people were not worried about knowing the exact time. Gradually, clocks began to be popular and unusual. One clock was in the shape of a cart with a horse and driver. One of the wheels was the face of the clock.
Today, scientists have invented clocks that tell the correct time to a split8 second. Many electric clocks are often made with built?in radios, which can sometimes be set to turn on automatically(自动地). Thus, instead of an alarm(闹铃) ringing in your ear, you can hear soft music playing when it is time to get up. Some clocks will even start the coffee maker9!
68.In the first paragraph, the word “sundial” refers to .
[A]the shadow of the sun[B]the circle on the ground
[C]a tool to carry stones[D]a timekeeper
69.In what way was the hourglass better than the sundial?
[A]It could be used under any weather conditions.
[B]It could be turned over and over again.
[C]It was made of glass.
[D]It could last longer.
70.Besides telling the time, a modern electric clock can .
[A]answer phone calls[B]say your name
[C]start a small machine[D]cook different food
71.What is the best title for the passage?
[A]Clocks of Our Lives[B]What Can a Clock Tell Us
[C]Clock through Time[D]Clocks Change People’s Lives
E
“When one of the doctors criticizes(批评) me, I get defensive10. I feel like a child again, being scolded, and I want to explain that I’m not wrong.” says Viola, a nurse. This is a common reaction(反应) to criticism11, but not a good one. There are better ways of dealing12 with criticism.
1.Try to be objective(客观). When Sol was criticized13 by his new employer14 for not having made a sale, Sol’s reaction was to feel sorry for himself. “I had put everything I had into making that sale,” Sol says, “and I felt that I had failed as a person. I had to learn through experience not to react like that to each failure.”
2.Take time to cool down. Rather than reacting immediately to criticism, take some time to think over what was said. Your first question should be whether the criticism is fair from the other person’s position. The problem may be a simple misunderstanding of what you did or your reasons for doing it.

3.Take positive(积极的) action. After you cool down, consider what you can do about the situation. The best answer may be “nothing.” “I finally realized that my boss was having personal problems and taking them out on me because I was there,” says Sheila. “His criticisms15 didn’t really have anything to do with my work, so nothing I said or did was going to change them.” In Sheila’s case, the best way to deal with it was to leave her job. However, that’s an extreme reaction. You may simply explain your opinion without expecting an in?depth discussion16. You may even decide that the battle isn’t worth fighting this time. The key, in any case, is to have a reasonable plan.
72.When Sol was criticized by his employer, he .
[A]argued bitterly with his employer[B]was angry and gave up his job
[C]was sorry for what he did[D]was sad and self?pitying
73.According to the writer, you should take time to think about criticism because .
[A]people may have a mistaken idea of what you did
[B]you should welcome other people’s opinions
[C]people may discuss it with you in depth
[D]you need time to understand yourself
74.When the writer says that “the best answer may be ‘nothing’”, he means you may decide .
[A]to take no notice of the criticism[B]to argue with your boss
[C]you need to change your job[D]you’ve done nothing wrong
75.The writer thinks Sheila can decide to leave her job because her boss .
[A]didn’t like her appearance[B]refused to change his opinion
[C]made an unreasonable criticism[D]refused to talk to her about the criticism



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1 gambler WhaxG     
n.赌博者;赌徒
参考例句:
  • The gambler sponged a cigarette from the man sitting next to him. 那个赌徒向坐在他旁边的人讨支烟抽。
  • He was notorious as a gambler. 他是臭名昭著的赌徒。
2 gambled b90c68bdf187fafeb4032c83e77ebb53     
v.赌博,冒风险( gamble的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • He gambled his savings to start a small store. 他孤注一掷地用自己的积蓄开了一家小店。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • He gambled all his winning on the last race. 他把所有赢得的钱都押在最后一场比赛上。 来自《简明英汉词典》
3 gambling ch4xH     
n.赌博;投机
参考例句:
  • They have won a lot of money through gambling.他们赌博赢了很多钱。
  • The men have been gambling away all night.那些人赌了整整一夜。
4 regain YkYzPd     
vt.重新获得,收复,恢复
参考例句:
  • He is making a bid to regain his World No.1 ranking.他正为重登世界排名第一位而努力。
  • The government is desperate to regain credibility with the public.政府急于重新获取公众的信任。
5 psychological aRUxW     
adj.心理的,精神上的
参考例句:
  • Work also provides psychological well-being.工作还能使人身心健康。
  • The psychological advantage of direct control is impressive.直接控制所收到的心理效果很大。
6 unreasonable tjLwm     
adj.不讲道理的,不合情理的,过度的
参考例句:
  • I know that they made the most unreasonable demands on you.我知道他们对你提出了最不合理的要求。
  • They spend an unreasonable amount of money on clothes.他们花在衣服上的钱太多了。
7 overhead bjhyZ     
adj.在头顶上的,悬空的;n.间接开支
参考例句:
  • A number of birds are circling overhead.很多鸟在头顶上空盘旋。
  • Many stars overhead are invisible to the naked eye.天上的许多星星是肉眼看不到的。
8 split avXwG     
n.劈开,裂片,裂口;adj.分散的;v.分离,分开,劈开
参考例句:
  • Who told you that Mary and I had split up?谁告诉你玛丽和我已经离婚了?
  • The teacher split the class up into six groups.老师把班级分成6个小组。
9 maker DALxN     
n.制造者,制造商
参考例句:
  • He is a trouble maker,You must be distant with him.他是个捣蛋鬼,你不要跟他在一起。
  • A cabinet maker must be a master craftsman.家具木工必须是技艺高超的手艺人。
10 defensive buszxy     
adj.防御的;防卫的;防守的
参考例句:
  • Their questions about the money put her on the defensive.他们问到钱的问题,使她警觉起来。
  • The Government hastily organized defensive measures against the raids.政府急忙布置了防卫措施抵御空袭。
11 criticism 3OSzK     
n.批评,批判,指责;评论,评论文章
参考例句:
  • Some youth today do not allow any criticism at all.现在有些年轻人根本指责不得。
  • It is wrong to turn a deaf ear to other's criticism.对别人的批评充耳不闻是错误的。
12 dealing NvjzWP     
n.经商方法,待人态度
参考例句:
  • This store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing.该商店因买卖公道而享有极高的声誉。
  • His fair dealing earned our confidence.他的诚实的行为获得我们的信任。
13 criticized cd090bd19b91ceda44ac52b6b996b535     
vt.批评(criticize的过去式)v.评论,批评( criticize的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • The decision was criticized by environmental groups. 这个决定受到了环保团体的批评。
  • The movie has been criticized for apparently legitimizing violence. 这部电影因明显地美化暴力而受到了指责。
14 employer ItNzrt     
n.雇用方,雇主
参考例句:
  • My employer deducted ten pounds from my wages this week.我的雇主从我本周的工钱中扣除了十英镑。
  • His monthly salary is paid into the bank by his employer.他的月薪由雇主替他存入银行。
15 criticisms 16cda08ebc604a08c15c011d5599d446     
批评( criticism的名词复数 ); 批判; 评论; 评论文章
参考例句:
  • His criticisms of the president stirred up a hornet's nest. 他对董事长的批评造成众愤难平。
  • It would be wise not to give undue importance to his criticisms. 最好不要过分看重他的批评。
16 discussion 2PBzj     
n.讨论,谈论;论述
参考例句:
  • It is certain he will come to the discussion.他肯定会来参加讨论。
  • After months of discussion,a peace agreement is gradually taking shape.经过几个月的商讨,和平协议渐渐有了眉目。
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