词汇学习5：
　　1. A　appalling¹表示条件之差使人感到吃惊。dreadful有类似的意义。如：My financial situation is dreadful.此句改用appalling也是可以的。Bad, unpleasant和poor都可以跟condition搭配。因此可以说：They have been living under bad conditions for two years. They have been living under unpleasant conditions for two years. They have been living under poor conditions for two years.注意：appalling conditions蕴涵bad（或unpleasant或poor）conditions.但反向的蕴涵是不成立的。用句通俗的话说，是appalling conditions必定是bad（或unpleasant或poor）conditions,但，是bad（或unpleasant或poor）conditions未必都是appalling conditions.也就是说，appalling跟bad, unpleasant和poor在意义上存在着明显的差别。注意：如果用bad或poor替换appalling,生成的都是错误的句子。
　　2. B　anyhow的一种意思是：不管其他句子所说的，本命题为真。可以看出，该词用在该句中非常合适，因为I wasn't qualified² for the job really是“不管其他句子所说的”，I got it这个命题是真的。又如：I am coming anyhow, no matter what others say.其中的no matter what others say是说：不管其他人怎么说。I am coming这个命题是真的。Anyway在绝大多数情况中表达的意义跟anyhow都相同，因而二者常可替换。Anyhow有一种意思是后面所说的支持前面所说的，在这一种意思上，它等于anyhow可由besides替换。但练习题中的anyhow不是这个意思。anyhow也可用来结束会话，这也是well的一个功能。如：Anyhow, thanks a lot. Bye bye.但练习题中的anyhow不是用来结束会话的，因而不能由well替换。
　　3. C　attain有通过努力取得了某种东西或达到某种状态的意思。如：He attained⁴ the position of minister. They were unable to attain³ their objectives. achieve的意思是通过努力取得或达到某种目标，意思跟attain很接近，因而可由后者替换。reached也有“达到”的意思，但它本身并不含“需要通过努力”，因而它不可替代achieved.下面举一个reach用法的例子：The process of political change in South Africa has reached the stage where it is irreversible. reap是“收获，获得”的意思。The painting depicted⁵ a group of peasants reaping a harvest of fruits and vegetables. You'll soon begin to reap the benefits of being fitter. take也有“获得，取得”的意思，但它不能跟success搭配。
　　4. D　capability⁶:能力，力量。又如：Now we have the capability to defending our country, all thanks to our own efforts. The country has the capability to defeat any aggressor. ability:能力，本领。From each according to his abilities, to each according to his work. ability和capability在意义上有相同的一面，因而在一定语境中可以互换。可以看出，ability和capability在搭配上是有差别的，前者只可跟to搭配，但后者既可跟to又可跟of搭配。二者的形容词分别是able和capable: I ought to be able to live on my salary. She was perfectly⁷ capable of taking care of herself.注意：capable只能跟of而不能跟to搭配。不难看出，词的意义不决定句法结构。strength:力量；优点。Their military strength has gone down because their air force has proved to be an effective force.此句中的strength可由capacity替代而不改变句子的意义。possibility:可能性。
　　5. A　in conjunction with:共同。together with具有相同的意思，用together代入后，所生成的也是一个在语法上正确的句子。in succession:接连发生，不跟with，如：He had missed five dinners in succession. in alliance with:结盟。They are now in a position to govern the state in alliance with either the Free Democrats⁸ or the Green Party. in connection with:在……一起；相关。13 men were questioned in connection with the murder.
　　6. B　credible⁹:可信的。convincing:可信的。That is the least convincing excuse that you could offer. convincing可替换credible而不改变句子的意义。workable:可行的，行得通的。Your plan is workable. practical:实际的，现实的。He is weak in practical matters. reliable:靠得住的。John is a reliable man.
　　7. C　diligent:勤奋的，努力的。hardworking:勤奋的，努力的。Jack¹⁰ was hardworking and energetic. ambitious:雄心勃勃的；有野心的。Chris is so ambitious, so determined¹¹ to do it all. lazy:懒惰的。I was too lazy to read music. clever:聪明的。She is beautiful and clever.
　　8. D　diverse:多种多样的；不同的。varied¹²:多种多样的；不同的。It is important that your diet is varied and balanced. colorful:多色的；绚丽的。People in this small town wear colorful clothes. attractive:迷人的；吸引人的。She is both attractive and intelligent. flexible:灵活的。My schedule is flexible.
　　9. A　faulty:有错误的；模棱两可的。wrong:有错误的；有毛病的。Cheating is always wrong. ambiguous:歧义的；模棱两可的。This sentence is ambiguous. unclear:不清楚。His itinerary¹³ is still unclear. unbelievable:不可信的。I find it unbelievable that people can accept this sort of behavior.
　　10. B　gorgeous:好极了；美丽的。lovely:可爱的；美丽的。The girl is lovely. ridiculous:可笑的。It was an absolutely ridiculous decision. magnificent:壮丽的；宏伟的。There is a magnificent country house near the river. peculiar¹⁴:奇特的；奇怪的。This house is peculiar in lots of ways.这些词都可替换，所生成的句子语法上都是正确的。相比之下，lovely最接近gorgeous.
　　11. C　persist:坚持；持续。continue:持续。She continued the work day after day. insist:坚持；坚持主张。My family insisted that I should not give in, but stay and fight. persevere¹⁵:坚持。Despite the failure of his early experiments, the scientist persevered¹⁶ in his research. resist:反抗；顶住。The nation was able to resist the invasion. Insist和persist在意义上并不完全相同。insist缺乏“持续”这个义项。persevere也缺少“持续”这个义项。因此，正确的选择是continue.“坚持”与“持续”在意义上似乎很接近，但在语义上的判别是很明显的。“坚持”至少要求有生命的东西作主语，但“持续”就没有这个要求。
　　12. D　regulate:调整；控制。control:控制。She also had a temper, but she controlled it. fight:搏斗；战斗。More units to fight forest fires are planned. abolish:废除。The whole system should be abolished. remove:除去；消除。Most of her fears have been removed.
　　13. A　scatter:分散；散布；消散。separate:分散；分离。We didn't separate until nightfall. flee:逃走；消失。The robbers tried to flee, but they were caught. depart:离开；出发。We are ready to depart. spread:展开；散布。The rumour¹⁷ quickly spread through the village. spread与scatter有相同的义项－“散布”。但此处只能是“分散”的意思。
　　14. B　standpoint:立场；观点。point of view:观点；看法。The novel is shown from the girl's point of view. position:位置；立场。The union may shift its position on the question. knowledge:知识。To my knowledge, he owns three houses, and he may own more. opinion:看法；意见。In my opinion, this book is the best book on the subject.虽然position也有“立场”的意思，但不能说from my position.同样地我们也不能说from my opinion.
　　15. C　touching:动人的；感人的。moving:动人的；感人的。The beggar told her such a moving story that she almost wept. inspiring:鼓舞人惦的。He made an inspiring speech. boring:令人厌烦的。Not only are mothers not paid but also most of their boring work is unnoticed. frightening:吓人的。He gave us a frightening, but believable account of his childhood.
　　词汇学习6：
　　1. B　vanish与disappear意思相近：消失，失踪。My glasses have disappeared.我的眼镜不见了。develop:发展。We'll stay and see how things develop.我们要留下来，看事态如何发展。linger:徘徊。Winter lingered.冬天迟迟不去。renew:更新；复原。If you wish to renew the contract, you should speak to John.如果你想续签合同，你应该找约翰谈。
　　2. A　phase（阶段，状态）与stage（阶段，时期）是同义词。The next major stage in computer technology is the so-called fifth generation computer.计算机技术的下一个主要阶段是所谓的第五代计算机。notion:概念，想法。I have no notion of what he means.我不懂他是什么意思。pattern:式样，模型。This is a strange sentence pattern.这是个奇怪的句型。alternative:两者挑一，供选择的方法。We have no alternative in the matter.在这件事上，我们没有挑选的余地。
　　3. C　deter:阻止；威慑。与inhibit（抑制；阻止）意思相近。The drug with which the animals are fed inhibits¹⁹ their development.给动物吃这种药会抑制它们的生长。facilitate:使便利；促进。Tractors facilitate farming.拖拉机使耕作便利。overwhelm:使不知所措；压倒。The girls are overwhelmed with the joy of seeing their team win.目睹她们的队获胜，姑娘们欣喜若狂。loosen:解开；放松。He took off his jacket and loosened his tie.他脱下夹克，松开领带。
　　4. C　procelain:瓷器。与china（瓷器）是同义词。silverware:银器。crystal:晶玻璃制品。linen²⁰:亚麻（制品）。
　　5. D　prior to:在……之前，与before（在……之前）意思相同。Steam engine was invented before the Industrial Revolution.蒸汽机发明于工业革命之前。in:（表示时间）在……期间。He was born in 1972.他生于1972年。around:大约。This island was discovered around 1830.这座岛大约发现于1830年。from:从……起。He was in the army from 1982 to 1993.从1982年到1993年他在当兵。
　　6. C　last:最近的；过去的。与past（最近的；过去的）意思一致。Mr. Hammond said that the trade union movement had changed over the past two years.玛门德先生说在过去的两年里工会运动已发生了变化。close:近的。St. Louis is closer to Chicago than it is to Detroit.圣路易斯离芝加哥比离底特律近。near:接近的。She is near to tears.她快要哭了。final:最后的。Astronauts will make a final attempt today to rescue a communication satellite from its useless orbit.宇航员今天将做最后一次尝试，以挽救一个在无用的轨道上运行的通讯卫星。
　　7. C　lethal²¹:致命的。与deadly（致命的）是同义词。This is one of nature's deadliest poisons.这是大自然中最致命的毒药中的一种。toxic²²:有毒的。Excessive vitamin D can be toxic.过量的维生素D可使人中毒。harmful:有害的。The rays of the sun, in excess, can be very harmful.过量的阳光会非常有害。contagious²³:传染的。Hepatitis A is a contagious disease.甲型肝炎是一种传染病。
　　8. B　conscientious:认真的；谨慎的。careful:细心的。You've got to be very careful about your tactics.你必须特别小心你的策略。worried:发愁的；焦虑的。She looks tired and worried.她看上去疲惫焦虑。anxious:焦虑的；渴望的。Her parents were anxious about her poor health.她的父母为她健康不佳而发愁。nervous:神经性的；紧张的。She is nervous about staying alone at night.她害怕夜晚独自一人呆着。
　　9. A　consolidate:合并；巩固。strengthen:巩固；加强。To strengthen his position in Parliament, he held talks with leaders of the Peasant Party.为了加强在国会中的地位，他跟农民党领袖进行了会谈。win:赢得。He won praises of his modesty²⁴.他的谦虚赢得了大家的赞誉。harden:使坚硬；加强。Their action can only serve to harden the attitude of rebels.他们的行动指挥促使叛逆者采取更加强硬的态度。unite:联合；合并。The two parties have been trying to unite.两党一直在试图联合起来。
　　10. B　contaminate:污染，弄脏。pollute:污染。Garbage pollutes our rivers and streams.垃圾污染着河流和小溪。blacken:变黑。The smoke blackened the white walls of the kitchen.烟熏黑了厨房的白墙。darken:变暗；变黑。The sun has darkened our complexion²⁵.太阳晒黑了我们的皮肤。mix:混合。Oil doesn't mix with water.油和水不能混合。
　　11. C　depict:描绘；描写。describe:描绘；描写。She described how she had narrowly escaped death.她描述了她是如何死里逃生的。write:写。Finding someone to write a computer program isn't a problem.找个人来编计算机程序是不成问题的。sketch:素描；简述。He sketched²⁶ the look of the man in a few sentences.他用几句话描绘出了那个人的模样。indicate:指出；表明。The President's attitude toward the proposals had been indicated in his New Year's address.总统对那些建议有态度已在他的新献词中表明。
　　12. D　distress:危难；海难。danger:危险。The two countries are trying to reduce the danger of a military confrontation²⁷.两国正设法减少军事对抗的危险。despair:绝望。Alone in London, without friends, work or money, Shelley fell into despair.独自一人在伦敦，没有朋友和工作，也没有钱，雪莱陷入了绝望。difficulty:困难。She is always in difficulties.她经常处境困难。need:需要。We should always help those in need.我们应当经常帮助那些需要帮助的人。
　　13. A　endeavour:设法；努力。try:设法。I'll try very hard to improve my English.我将设法努力提高自己的英语水平。do:做，干。Do the best you can.尽力而为。make:做。I'll make every effort to help you .我将尽全力帮助你。
　　14. B　eternal:永恒的。everlasting²⁸:永远的；永恒的。I'm tired of your everlasting quarrels.我听够了你们没完没了的争吵。unchangeable:不变的。I found the book rather boring.我发现这本书相当乏味。monotonous²⁹:单调的。Some of the tasks are desperately³⁰ monotonous.一些工作极度单调乏味。
　　15. D　exhibit:表现，显出。show:显示；表现。Show me what you have in your bag.让我看看你的包里有什么。demonstrate:证明；显示。Women are demonstrating for equal rights.妇女在示威游行，要求平等权利。uncover:揭开；暴露。Auditors³¹ said that they had uncovered evidence of fraud.审计员说他们发现了欺骗的证据。spread:摊开；伸开。The officer spread a map on the table.那位军官在桌子上铺开了地图。

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