自考英语语法复习资料 九
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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)

  3. 不定式的复合结构

  1)不定式复合结构的构成

  不定式在使用时通常有自己的逻辑主语,一般可以是句子的主语或宾语,或者由物主代词暗示出来。如:

  They plan to build a hotel. 他们计划建造一个酒店。

  His father sent him abroad to study literature. 他父亲送他出国去学文学。

  I could see her eagerness to go abroad. 我可以看出他急切地想出国。

  但有时需要明确表示出不定式的逻辑主语(即不定式动作的执行者),此时一般用for/of +名词(代词)短语+不定式来构成不定式的复合结构。如:

  It's expensive for people to use electricity for cooking. 人们用电做饭是很昂贵的。

  It's careless of you to make such a mistake. 你犯这样的错误真是粗心。

  2)不定式复合结构的语法作用

  不定式的复合结构在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语。

  ①不定式的复合结构作主语、宾语,通常用it 作形式主语或形式宾语来代替不定式的复合结构。如:

  It's necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases. 货物很有必要用坚固的箱子打包。

  They thought it impossible for us to find the lost child in the darkness.

  他们认为我们要在黑暗中找到迷路的小孩是不可能的。

  ②不定式的复合结构作表语、状语、定语。如:

  That's for you to decide. 那个由你来决定。

  For the test to be passed,the students should work harder than before.

  为了能通过考试,学生们应该比以往更认真学习。

  I have some books for you to read. 我有几本书送给你读。

  1. 不定式不带to的规则:

  前面我们已经谈到,在一些使役动词和感官动词后的不定式作宾语补语时,不定式符号to常常省略,下面还有几种情况请大家注意:

  ① 动词原形come,go等在口语中可接不带to的不定式。如:

  Go tell her. 去告诉他。

  Come have a glass. 来喝一杯。

  ②在why引起的一些疑问句中,疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。如:

  Why spend so much money? 为什么花这么多钱?

  Why not let her have a try? 为什么不再让她试一试?

  ③在had better(还是……最好),had best(最好,顶好),would rather(宁可,宁愿),would rather…than(宁可……而不……),would sooner(宁可,宁愿),would sooner…than(宁可……而不……),cannot but(不得不,必然),cannot choose but(只得),cannot help but(不得不)等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。如:

  You'd better listen to your teacher’s opinion. 你最好听一听老师的看法。

  I would rather work than stay idle1. 我宁愿工作而不愿闲坐。

  Rather than ride on a crowded bus,he always prefers to ride a bicycle.

  他宁愿挤公共汽车也不愿骑自行车。

  Liu Hulan would sooner die than surrender2. 刘胡兰宁死不屈。

  One's world outlook3 cannot but come through in what one says and does.

  一个人的世界观必然在他的言行中表现出来。

  ④在介词but,except之前如有动词do的任一形式,其后的动词不定式不用to.如:

  Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools. 昨晚上我除了修理农具外,没有做其它的事情。

  Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 现在他只有认输。

  如but 之前没有do,其后的不定式则一般要加to.如:

  I'm afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi. 恐怕我们别无选择,只好乘出租车了。

  They desired nothing but to succeed. 他们只想成功。

  ⑤在出现并列的动词不定式时,为了避免重复,后面的不定式符号to可省略。如:

  I really don't know what to say and do. 我真的不知道该说什么,该干什么。

  Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.?

  你能不能帮我打电话给他,叫他下午两点来开会?

  但如果两个不定式有对比的意思,则不定式符号to不可被省去。如:

  I came not to scold4 you but to praise you. 我是来夸你的,不是来骂你的。

  The purpose of the new technology is to make life easier,not to make it more difficult.

  新技术的目的是为了使生活更容易,而不是使生活更艰难。

  2. 动词不定式的省略问题:

  上文中出现了某一动词或动词短语,下文中再遇到此动词的不定式结构时,往往要省略动词不定式,但通常省略动词原形或短语而保留不定式符号to,一般有下面几种情况:

  ①含有助动词或情态动词如be going to,used to,have to,ought to,be able to,be about to等+动词原形结构时:

  ——Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor? 你认为我应该去看医生吗?

  ——Yes,I think you ought to. 是的,我想你应该去。

  She must go but you don't have to. 她必须走,但你没有必要。

  ②含有动词want,decide,like,love,hope,wish,mean,refuse,try等+不定式作宾语结构时:

  ——Did you go to see the Great Wall? 你去看长城了吗?

  ——I wanted to,but I was too busy. 我本来想去的,但我太忙了。

  You may go with them if you hope to. 如果你希望的话,你可以和他们一起去。

  ③含有动词如ask,tell,order,advise,persuade,warn,wish,permit,allow,forbid等+不定式做宾语补语或主语补语时:

  Don't do anything unless your father tells you to. 除非你父亲叫你去做,不然不要做任何事情。

  ——May I use your car? 我可以用你的汽车吗?

  ——No,I forbid you to. 不,我禁止你使用。

  ④对话的答语中含有形容词如happy,glad,eager,anxious,willing5,ready,pleased,afraid等+不定式作表语结构时:

  ——Will you lend me a hand? 你能帮我一个忙吗?

  ——I'm willing to,but I can’t now. 我很愿意,但我现在不行。

  ——Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow? 明天下午来参加我的生日聚会好吗?

  ——I'll be glad to. 我很乐意。



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 idle 1crzd     
adj.空闲的,闲置的;无用的;懒散的;v.空费
参考例句:
  • Mike doesn't study at all.Instead,he sits idle all day.迈克根本不肯读书,相反地,他终日游手好闲。
  • How much trouble in this life is caused by idle talk!生活中有多少麻烦不都是由闲谈引起的么!
2 surrender Qquyk     
v.投降,自首;屈服;交出,放弃
参考例句:
  • He preferred to die rather than surrender to the enemy.他宁死也不愿向敌人投降。
  • Liu Hulan would rather die than surrender before the enemy.刘胡兰在敌人面前宁死不屈。
3 outlook RJQxH     
n.观点,见解;展望,前景
参考例句:
  • The outlook for the economy is bright.经济前景光明。
  • Her outlook gradually widens.她的眼光渐渐开阔了。
4 scold MD0zo     
n.好责骂的人,责骂;vi.责骂,唠唠叨叨地骂;vt.怒骂
参考例句:
  • Don't scold the child,It's not his fault.别责怪那孩子,那不是他的过错。
  • His father gave him a bad scold this morning.他父亲今晨狠狠训了他一顿。
5 willing 1gwwV     
adj.愿意的,自愿的,乐意的,心甘情愿的
参考例句:
  • We never lack food and clothing if we're willing to work.如果我们愿意工作,就不会缺吃少穿。
  • He's quite willing to pay the price I ask.他很愿意照我的要价付钱。
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