中华人民共和国民法通则 15(2)
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第五章 民事权利 第二节 债 权 

Section 2 Creditors2' Rights 

 

第八十四条 债是按照合同的约定或者依照法律的规定,在当事人之间产生的特定的权利和义务关系,享有权利的人是债权人,负有义务的人是债务人。 

Article 84 A debt represents a special relationship of rights and obligations established between the parties concerned, either according to the agreed terms of a contract or legal provisions. The party entitled to the rights shall be the creditor1, and the party assuming the obligations shall be the debtor3

 

债权人有权要求债务人按照合同的约定或者依照法律的规定履行义务。 

The creditor shall have the right to demand that the debtor fulfil his obligations as specified4 by the contract or according to legal provisions. 

 

第八十五条 合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事关系的协议。依法成立的合同,受法律保护。 

Article 85 A contract shall be an agreement whereby the parties establish, change or terminate their civil relationship. Lawfully6 established contracts shall be protected by law. 

 

第八十六条 债权人为二人以上的,按照确定的份额分享权利。债务人为二人以上的,按照确定的份额分担义务。 

Article 86 When there are two or more creditors to a deal, each creditor shall be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit. When there are two or more debtors8 to a deal, each debtor shall assume obligations in proportion to his share of the debt. 

 

第八十七条 债权人或者债务人一方人数为二人以上的,依照法律的规定或者当事人的约定,享有连带权利的每个债权人,都有权要求债务人履行义务;负有连带义务的每个债务人,都负有清偿全部债务的义务,履行了义务的人,有权要求其他负有连带义务的人偿付他应当承担的份额。 

Article 87 When there are two or more creditors or debtors to a deal, each of the joint9 creditors shall be entitled to demand that the debtor fulfil his obligations, in accordance with legal provisions or the agreement between the parties; each of the joint debtors shall be obliged to perform the entire debt, and the debtor who performs the entire debt shall be entitled to ask the other joint debtors to reimburse10 him for their shares of the debt. 

 

第八十八条 合同的当事人应当按照合同的约定,全部履行自己的义务。 

Article 88 The parties to a contract shall fully7 fulfil their obligations pursuant to the terms of the contract. 

 

合同中有关质量、期限、地点或者价款约定不明确,按照合同有关条款内容不能确定,当事人又不能通过协商达成协议的,适用下列规定: 

If a contract contains ambiguous terms regarding quality, time limit for performance, place of performance, or price, and the intended meaning cannot be determined11 from the context of relevant terms in the contract, and if the parties cannot reach an agreement through consultation12, the provisions below shall apply: 

 

(一)质量要求不明确的,按照国家质量标准履行,没有国家质量标准的,按照通常标准履行。 

(1) If quality requirements are unclear, state quality standards shall apply; if there are no state quality standards, generally held standards shall apply. 

 

(二)履行期限不明确的,债务人可以随时向债权人履行义务,债权人也可以随时要求债务人履行义务,但应当给对方必要的准备时间。 

(2) If the time limit for performance is unclear, the debtor may at his convenience fulfill13 his obligations towards the creditor; the creditor may also demand at any time that the debtor perform his obligations, but sufficient notice shall be given to the debtor. 

 

(三)履行地点不明确,给付货币的,在接受给付一方的所在地履行,其他标的在履行义务一方的所在地履行。 

(3) If the place of performance is unclear, and the payment is money, the performance shall be effected at the seat or place of residence of the party receiving the payment; if the payment is other than money, the performance shall be effected at the seat or place of residence of the party fulfilling the obligations. 

 

(四)价款约定不明确的,按照国家规定的价格履行;没有国家规定价格的,参照市场价格或者同类物品的价格或者同类劳务的报酬标准履行。 

(4) If the price agreed by the parties is unclear, the state-fixed price shall apply. If there is no state-fixed price, the price shall be based on market price or the price of a similar article or remuneration for a similar service. 

 

合同对专利申请权没有约定的,完成发明创造的当事人享有申请权。 

If the contract does not contain an agreed term regarding rights to patent application, any party who has completed an invention-creation shall have the right to apply for a patent. 

 

合同对科技成果的使用权没有约定的,当事人都有使用的权利。 

If the contract does not contain an agreed term regarding rights to patent application, and technological14 research achievements, the parties shall all have the right to use such achievements. #p#分页标题#e#

 

第八十九条 依照法律的规定或者按照当事人的约定,可以采用下列方式担保债务的履行: 

Article 89 In accordance with legal provisions the agreement between the parties on the performance of a debt may be guaranteed using the methods below: 

 

(一)保证人向债权人保证债务人履行债务,债务人不履行债务的,按照约定由保证人履行或者承担连带责任;保证人履行债务后,有权向债务人追偿。 

(1) A guarantor may guarantee to the creditor that the debtor shall perform his debt. If the debtor defaults, the guarantor shall perform the debt or bear joint liability according to agreement. After performing the debt, the guarantor shall have the right to claim repayment15 from the debtor. 

 

(二)债务人或者第三人可以提供一定的财产作为抵押物。 

(2) The debtor or a third party may offer a specific property as a pledge. 

 

债务人不履行债务的,债权人有权依照法律的规定以抵押物折价或者以变卖抵押物的价款优先得到偿还。 

If the debtor defaults, the creditors shall be entitled to keep the pledge to offset16 the debt or have priority in satisfying his claim out of the proceeds from the sale of the pledge pursuant to relevant legal provisions. 

 

(三)当事人一方在法律规定的范围内可以向对方给付定金。债务人履行债务后,定金应当抵作价款或者收回。给付定金的一方不履行债务的,无权要求返还定金;接受定金的一方不履行债务的,应当双倍返还定金。 

(3) Within the limits of relevant legal provisions, a party may leave a deposit with the other party. After the debtor has discharged his debt, the deposit shall either be retained as partial payment of the debt or be returned. If the party who leaves the deposit defaults, he shall not be entitled to demand the return of the deposit; if the party who accepts the deposit defaults, he shall repay the deposit in double. 

 

(四)按照合同约定一方占有对方的财产,对方不按照合同给付应付款项超过约定期限的,占有人有权留置该财产,依照法律的规定以留置财产折价或者以变卖该财产的价款优先得到偿还。 

(4) If a party has possession of the other party's property according to contract and the other party violates the contract by failing to pay a required sum of money within the specified time limit, the possessor shall have a lien17 on the property and may keep the retained property to offset the debt or have priority in satisfying his claim out of the proceeds from the sale of the property pursuant to relevant legal provisions. 

 

第九十条 合法的借贷关系受法律保护。 

Article 90 Legitimate18 loan relationships shall be protected by law. 

 

第九十一条 合同一方将合同的权利、义务全部或者部分转让给第三人的,应当取得合同另一方的同意,并不得牟利。依照法律规定应当由国家批准的合同,需经原批准机关批准。但是,法律另有规定或者原合同另有约定的除外。 

Article 91 If a party to a contract transfers all or part of his contractual rights or obligations to a third party, he shall obtain the other party's consent and may not seek profits therefrom. Contracts which according to legal provisions are subject to state approval, such as transfers, must be approved by the authority that originally approved the contract, unless the law or the original contract stipulates19 otherwise. 

 

第九十二条 没有合法根据,取得不当利益,造成他人损失的,应当将取得的不当利益返还受损失的人。 

Article 92 If profits are acquired improperly20 and without a lawful5 basis, resulting in another person's loss, the illegal profits shall be returned to the person who suffered the loss. 

 

第九十三条 没有法定的或者约定的义务,为避免他人利益受损失进行管理或者服务的,有权要求受益人偿付由此而支付的必要费用。 

Article 93 If a person acts as manager or provides services in order to protect another person's interests when he is not legally or contractually obligated to do so, he shall be entitled to claim from the beneficiary the expenses necessary for such assistance.



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1 creditor tOkzI     
n.债仅人,债主,贷方
参考例句:
  • The boss assigned his car to his creditor.那工头把自己的小汽车让与了债权人。
  • I had to run away from my creditor whom I made a usurious loan.我借了高利贷不得不四处躲债。
2 creditors 6cb54c34971e9a505f7a0572f600684b     
n.债权人,债主( creditor的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • They agreed to repay their creditors over a period of three years. 他们同意3年内向债主还清欠款。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Creditors could obtain a writ for the arrest of their debtors. 债权人可以获得逮捕债务人的令状。 来自《简明英汉词典》
3 debtor bxfxy     
n.借方,债务人
参考例句:
  • He crowded the debtor for payment.他催逼负债人还债。
  • The court granted me a lien on my debtor's property.法庭授予我对我债务人财产的留置权。
4 specified ZhezwZ     
adj.特定的
参考例句:
  • The architect specified oak for the wood trim. 那位建筑师指定用橡木做木饰条。
  • It is generated by some specified means. 这是由某些未加说明的方法产生的。
5 lawful ipKzCt     
adj.法律许可的,守法的,合法的
参考例句:
  • It is not lawful to park in front of a hydrant.在消火栓前停车是不合法的。
  • We don't recognised him to be the lawful heir.我们不承认他为合法继承人。
6 lawfully hpYzCv     
adv.守法地,合法地;合理地
参考例句:
  • Lawfully established contracts shall be protected by law. 依法成立的合同应受法律保护。 来自口语例句
  • As my lawfully wedded husband, in sickness and in health, till death parts us. 当成是我的合法丈夫,无论疾病灾难,直到死亡把我们分开。 来自电影对白
7 fully Gfuzd     
adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地
参考例句:
  • The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气,然后全部呼出。
  • They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。
8 debtors 0fb9580949754038d35867f9c80e3c15     
n.债务人,借方( debtor的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Creditors could obtain a writ for the arrest of their debtors. 债权人可以获得逮捕债务人的令状。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Never in a debtors' prison? 从没有因债务坐过牢么? 来自英汉文学 - 双城记
9 joint m3lx4     
adj.联合的,共同的;n.关节,接合处;v.连接,贴合
参考例句:
  • I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤,肩膀脫臼了。
  • We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。
10 reimburse 5Vixt     
v.补偿,付还
参考例句:
  • We'll reimburse you for your travelling expenses.我们将付还你旅费。
  • The funds are supposed to reimburse policyholders in the event of insurer failure.这项基金将在保险公司不能偿付的情况下对投保人进行赔付。
11 determined duszmP     
adj.坚定的;有决心的
参考例句:
  • I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
  • He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。
12 consultation VZAyq     
n.咨询;商量;商议;会议
参考例句:
  • The company has promised wide consultation on its expansion plans.该公司允诺就其扩展计划广泛征求意见。
  • The scheme was developed in close consultation with the local community.该计划是在同当地社区密切磋商中逐渐形成的。
13 fulfill Qhbxg     
vt.履行,实现,完成;满足,使满意
参考例句:
  • If you make a promise you should fulfill it.如果你许诺了,你就要履行你的诺言。
  • This company should be able to fulfill our requirements.这家公司应该能够满足我们的要求。
14 technological gqiwY     
adj.技术的;工艺的
参考例句:
  • A successful company must keep up with the pace of technological change.一家成功的公司必须得跟上技术变革的步伐。
  • Today,the pace of life is increasing with technological advancements.当今, 随着科技进步,生活节奏不断增快。
15 repayment repayment     
n.偿还,偿还款;报酬
参考例句:
  • I am entitled to a repayment for the damaged goods.我有权利索取货物损坏赔偿金。
  • The tax authorities have been harrying her for repayment.税务局一直在催她补交税款。
16 offset mIZx8     
n.分支,补偿;v.抵消,补偿
参考例句:
  • Their wage increases would be offset by higher prices.他们增加的工资会被物价上涨所抵消。
  • He put up his prices to offset the increased cost of materials.他提高了售价以补偿材料成本的增加。
17 lien 91lxQ     
n.扣押权,留置权
参考例句:
  • A lien is a type of security over property.留置是一种财产担保。
  • The court granted me a lien on my debtor's property.法庭授予我对我债务人财产的留置权。
18 legitimate L9ZzJ     
adj.合法的,合理的,合乎逻辑的;v.使合法
参考例句:
  • Sickness is a legitimate reason for asking for leave.生病是请假的一个正当的理由。
  • That's a perfectly legitimate fear.怀有这种恐惧完全在情理之中。
19 stipulates 5c9afbf42331f6dbc8e7cd0e43b34e17     
n.(尤指在协议或建议中)规定,约定,讲明(条件等)( stipulate的名词复数 );规定,明确要求v.(尤指在协议或建议中)规定,约定,讲明(条件等)( stipulate的第三人称单数 );规定,明确要求
参考例句:
  • The trade contract stipulates for the settlement of balances in RMB. 贸易合同规定余额以人民币结算。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • The contract stipulates for the use of seasoned timber. 合同上订明用干透的木料。 来自辞典例句
20 improperly 1e83f257ea7e5892de2e5f2de8b00e7b     
不正确地,不适当地
参考例句:
  • Of course it was acting improperly. 这样做就是不对嘛!
  • He is trying to improperly influence a witness. 他在试图误导证人。
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