法律术语解读:侵权与犯罪
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Torts vs. Crimes(侵权与犯罪)

  原文:

  Simply stated, a tort is a wrong. It is a private wrong (civil as opposed to criminal) resulting from a breach1 of a legal duty derived2 from society's expectations regarding proper and improper3 interpersonal conduct.

  A tort is any socially unreasonable4 conduct, which is not contractual, for which a court will grant monetary5 damages or an equitable6 remedy to compensate7 an individual for his/her injury. The rights and duties involved in a tort case may arise from either statute8 or common law.

  While, a crime is an offense9 against the public, and criminal law does not seek to compensate the victim. Tort includes both deliberate wrongs (intentional10 torts) and inadvertent or accidental wrongs (negligent11 torts), as well as wrongs for which the offender12 is held liable regardless of motivation or ability to prevent the injury (strict liability). Torts that are specifically related to business are grouped separately. Tort law is perhaps the broadest and most volatile13 area of civil law.

  Conduct that is a tort may also be a crime. Conduct that unreasonably14 interferes15 with someone else's interest is frequently both a tort and a crime.

  1. Most crimes involve socially unacceptable conduct that unreasonably interferes with another's interests, e.g., arson16, burglary, manslaughter, murder, rape17, and robbery.

  2. The burden of proof in a tort action (a "preponderance of the evidence") is much lighter18 than the state's burden in a criminal action ("beyond a reasonable doubt").

  3. Because the burden of proof is much lighter in a tort action, it is possible to prevail in a tort case while the state does not succeed in its related criminal prosecution19.

  4. Thus, differentiating20 between a tort and a crime is essential.

  a. A tort is any socially unreasonable conduct, which is not contractual.

  b. A crime is an offense against the public and has little, if anything, to do with compensating21 the victim of the crime.

  c. In a tort action, an injured party sues to obtain compensation for the damages that (s)he sustained as a result of the defendant's wrongful conduct.

  The fundamental purpose of tort law is to compensate the injured party, not necessarily to punish the wrongdoer as in criminal law. However, punitive22 damages (compensation in excess of actual damages) may be awarded if the defendant's conduct was willful, malicious23, or particularly repugnant.

  译文: 侵权与犯罪

  简单来讲,侵权就是不法行为。它是一种私法意义上的不法行为(与刑事相对的民事行为),基于违反法律义务这一事实而产生,这种义务源于社会对有关正确或不正确的人际行为的预料。

  侵权行为是所有社会中不合理的行为,它不同于契约关系,法院可以通过判以赔偿金或某种衡平性的补救对他/她所遭受的伤害进行补偿。某一侵权案件中所包含的权利与义务,或基于法令条例,或基于判例法而产生。

  与此相对应,犯罪行为是对公众利益的侵害,而且刑法并不寻求对受害人的补偿。侵权既包括预先准备的违法行为(故意的侵权行为),有包括疏忽的或意外性的行为(过失侵权行为),还有那些不论违法者的动机或阻止损害的能力,均应负责的行为(严格责任)。与商业相关的特定的侵权行为,分别类聚。可以说,侵权法可能是民法中范围最广、又最缺少稳定性的领域。

  某一侵权行为可以同时是一犯罪行为。那些不合理地妨害其他人利益的行为常常既是侵权行为,又是犯罪行为。国家将侵权法施行于其全体公民。

  1.大多数犯罪行为包含社会所不容许的侵害他人利益的不合理行为,例如,纵火、入室行窃、杀人、谋杀、强奸,及抢夺。

  2.在侵权诉讼中的举证责任(“证据优势”),比国家在刑事诉讼中的责任要轻得多(“无合理疑点”)。

  3.由于侵权诉讼中的举证责任要轻得多,所以相对于国家在其刑事起诉中的举证困难来讲,在侵权案件中的举证责任更为简便易行。

  4.可见,必须对侵权行为与犯罪行为加以区分。

  a.侵权是任何社会的不合理的行为,它不是契约性的行为。

  b.犯罪行为是针对公众的侵害行为,很少(如果有的话)处理对犯罪行为受害者的补偿问题。

  c.在侵权诉讼中,受害方提出诉讼请求,在于寻求对于由被告的非法行为而致使其所承受的损害的赔偿。

  侵权法最基本的目的是对受害者的救济与补偿,而不必象刑法那样对非法行为人进行惩罚。需要补充的是,如果被告的行为是故意的、恶意的,或特别讨厌的,惩罚性的赔偿金(即超出实际损害的赔偿)也可能判与。

  注释:

  regarding prep. 关于

  contractual a. 契约的

  monetary a. 货币的,金钱的

  deliberate wrongs 故意的(蓄意的)非法行为

  inadvertent a. 不注意的,疏忽的,无意中做的

  offender n. 罪犯,冒犯者

  motivation n. 动机

  volatile a. 飞行的,挥发性的,可变的,不稳定的 n. 挥发物

  arson n. 纵火,纵火罪

  burglary v. 入室行窃

  manslaughter n. 杀人,一般杀人罪

  murder n. v. 谋杀,凶杀

  rape n. vt. 掠夺,强*

  robbery n. 抢掠,抢夺

  burden of proof 举证责任

  preponderance n. 优势,占优势

  beyond a reasonable doubt 无合理疑问,理无可疑

  wrongdoer n. 不法行为者,犯罪之人,侵权者

  punitive damages 惩罚性损害赔偿金

  willful a. 故意的,任性的

  malicious a. 恶意的,怀有恶意的,恶毒的

  repugnant a. 不一致的



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 breach 2sgzw     
n.违反,不履行;破裂;vt.冲破,攻破
参考例句:
  • We won't have any breach of discipline.我们不允许任何破坏纪律的现象。
  • He was sued for breach of contract.他因不履行合同而被起诉。
2 derived 6cddb7353e699051a384686b6b3ff1e2     
vi.起源;由来;衍生;导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 );(从…中)得到获得;源于;(从…中)提取
参考例句:
  • Many English words are derived from Latin and Greek. 英语很多词源出于拉丁文和希腊文。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • He derived his enthusiasm for literature from his father. 他对文学的爱好是受他父亲的影响。 来自《简明英汉词典》
3 improper b9txi     
adj.不适当的,不合适的,不正确的,不合礼仪的
参考例句:
  • Short trousers are improper at a dance.舞会上穿短裤不成体统。
  • Laughing and joking are improper at a funeral.葬礼时大笑和开玩笑是不合适的。
4 unreasonable tjLwm     
adj.不讲道理的,不合情理的,过度的
参考例句:
  • I know that they made the most unreasonable demands on you.我知道他们对你提出了最不合理的要求。
  • They spend an unreasonable amount of money on clothes.他们花在衣服上的钱太多了。
5 monetary pEkxb     
adj.货币的,钱的;通货的;金融的;财政的
参考例句:
  • The monetary system of some countries used to be based on gold.过去有些国家的货币制度是金本位制的。
  • Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means.荒凉地区的教育不是钱财问题。
6 equitable JobxJ     
adj.公平的;公正的
参考例句:
  • This is an equitable solution to the dispute. 这是对该项争议的公正解决。
  • Paying a person what he has earned is equitable. 酬其应得,乃公平之事。
7 compensate AXky7     
vt.补偿,赔偿;酬报 vi.弥补;补偿;抵消
参考例句:
  • She used her good looks to compensate her lack of intelligence. 她利用她漂亮的外表来弥补智力的不足。
  • Nothing can compensate for the loss of one's health. 一个人失去了键康是不可弥补的。
8 statute TGUzb     
n.成文法,法令,法规;章程,规则,条例
参考例句:
  • Protection for the consumer is laid down by statute.保障消费者利益已在法令里作了规定。
  • The next section will consider this environmental statute in detail.下一部分将详细论述环境法令的问题。
9 offense HIvxd     
n.犯规,违法行为;冒犯,得罪
参考例句:
  • I hope you will not take any offense at my words. 对我讲的话请别见怪。
  • His words gave great offense to everybody present.他的发言冲犯了在场的所有人。
10 intentional 65Axb     
adj.故意的,有意(识)的
参考例句:
  • Let me assure you that it was not intentional.我向你保证那不是故意的。
  • His insult was intentional.他的侮辱是有意的。
11 negligent hjdyJ     
adj.疏忽的;玩忽的;粗心大意的
参考例句:
  • The committee heard that he had been negligent in his duty.委员会听说他玩忽职守。
  • If the government is proved negligent,compensation will be payable.如果证明是政府的疏忽,就应支付赔偿。
12 offender ZmYzse     
n.冒犯者,违反者,犯罪者
参考例句:
  • They all sued out a pardon for an offender.他们请求法院赦免一名罪犯。
  • The authorities often know that sex offenders will attack again when they are released.当局一般都知道性犯罪者在获释后往往会再次犯案。
13 volatile tLQzQ     
adj.反复无常的,挥发性的,稍纵即逝的,脾气火爆的;n.挥发性物质
参考例句:
  • With the markets being so volatile,investments are at great risk.由于市场那么变化不定,投资冒着很大的风险。
  • His character was weak and volatile.他这个人意志薄弱,喜怒无常。
14 unreasonably 7b139a7b80379aa34c95638d4a789e5f     
adv. 不合理地
参考例句:
  • He was also petty, unreasonably querulous, and mean. 他还是个气量狭窄,无事生非,平庸刻薄的人。
  • Food in that restaurant is unreasonably priced. 那家饭店价格不公道。
15 interferes ab8163b252fe52454ada963fa857f890     
vi. 妨碍,冲突,干涉
参考例句:
  • The noise interferes with my work. 这噪音妨碍我的工作。
  • That interferes with my plan. 那干扰了我的计划。
16 arson 3vOz3     
n.纵火,放火
参考例句:
  • He was serving a ten spot for arson.他因纵火罪在服十年徒刑。
  • He was arraigned on a charge of arson.他因被指控犯纵火罪而被传讯。
17 rape PAQzh     
n.抢夺,掠夺,强奸;vt.掠夺,抢夺,强奸
参考例句:
  • The rape of the countryside had a profound ravage on them.对乡村的掠夺给他们造成严重创伤。
  • He was brought to court and charged with rape.他被带到法庭并被指控犯有强奸罪。
18 lighter 5pPzPR     
n.打火机,点火器;驳船;v.用驳船运送;light的比较级
参考例句:
  • The portrait was touched up so as to make it lighter.这张画经过润色,色调明朗了一些。
  • The lighter works off the car battery.引燃器利用汽车蓄电池打火。
19 prosecution uBWyL     
n.起诉,告发,检举,执行,经营
参考例句:
  • The Smiths brought a prosecution against the organizers.史密斯家对组织者们提出起诉。
  • He attempts to rebut the assertion made by the prosecution witness.他试图反驳原告方证人所作的断言。
20 differentiating d3096d547199751d1b8d0cb8d931d402     
[计] 微分的
参考例句:
  • They succeed in differentiating the most commodity-like products. 在最通用的日用产品方面,它们也能独树一帜标新立异。
  • The simplest and most effective method of differentiating areas is to use different colours. 区别面状要素最简单而又行之有效的办法,是使用不同的颜色。
21 compensating 281cd98e12675fdbc2f2886a47f37ed0     
补偿,补助,修正
参考例句:
  • I am able to set up compensating networks of nerve connections. 我能建立起补偿性的神经联系网。
  • It is desirable that compensating cables be run in earthed conduit. 补偿导线最好在地下管道中穿过。
22 punitive utey6     
adj.惩罚的,刑罚的
参考例句:
  • They took punitive measures against the whole gang.他们对整帮人采取惩罚性措施。
  • The punitive tariff was imposed to discourage tire imports from China.该惩罚性关税的征收是用以限制中国轮胎进口的措施。
23 malicious e8UzX     
adj.有恶意的,心怀恶意的
参考例句:
  • You ought to kick back at such malicious slander. 你应当反击这种恶毒的污蔑。
  • Their talk was slightly malicious.他们的谈话有点儿心怀不轨。
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