中华人民共和国药品管理法（二）_法律英语

中华人民共和国药品管理法（二）

文章来源：文章作者：发布时间：2007-04-16 02:44 字体： [大中小]　进入论坛

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Article 31 Newly discovered domestic medicinal plants or medicinal plants introduced from abroad may be sold only after they have been examined and approved by the administrative¹ department of health of the relevant province， autonomous² region， or municipality directly under the Central Government.

　　Article 32 Measures for controlling medicinal materials traditionally used by local people in certain regions shall be formulated³ by the administrative department of health under the State Council.

　　Article 33 The production and sale of fake medicines are prohibited. A fake medicine has either of the following characteristics：

　　（1） the names of its components⁴ are different from those prescribed for it by state pharmaceutical⁵ standards or pharmaceutical standards of the relvant province， autonomous region， or municipality directly under the Central Government；

　　（2） a non-medical substance is passed off as a medicine， or one medicine is passed off as another.

　　A medicine shall be handled as fake medicine in any of the following cases：

　　（1） where the use of the medicine has been prohibited by the administrative department of health under the State Council；

　　（2） where the medicine has been produced without being assigned a registration⁶ number；

　　（3） where the medicine has deteriorated⁷ and cannot be used as such； or

　　（4） where the medicine has been contaminated and cannot be used as such.

　　Article 34 The production and sale of medicines of inferior quality shall be prohibited. A medicine of inferior quality has any of the following characteristics：

　　（1） the components of the medicine do not conform in quantity to that required by state pharmaceutical standards or pharmaceutical standards of the relevant province， autonomous region， or municipality directly under the Central Government；

　　（2） the medicine has passed its expiry date； or

　　（3） the medicine fails to meet the prescribed standards in other respects.

　　Article 35 Personnel in pharmaceutical producing or trading enterprises and in medical units who have direct contact with medicines must undergo an annual medical examination. Persons who have contracted contagious⁸ diseases or any other disease which may contaminate the medicines shall not be allowed to engage in any work which has direct contact with pharmaceuticals⁹.

　　Chapter VI Packaging and Repackaging of Pharmaceuticals

　　Article 36 Packaging must meet the specific quality requirements of the pharmaceuticals and facilitate their storage， transportation and medical use. If a medicine has a period of validity， it must be clearly indicated on the package.

　　Traditional Chinese medicinal materials must be packaged before transportation. There must appear on the package the name of the medicine， place of production， date， name of the consignor¹⁰， and an indication that the quality of the medicine is up to standard.

　　Article 37 Packages of pharmaceuticals must， in accordance with the regulations， be labeled and include directions for use.

　　The label or directions must indicate the name of the medicine， specifications¹¹， the producer， registration number， batch¹² number of the product， principal components， indications， directions for use dosage， contraindications， adverse¹³ reactions and precautions.

　　Special indications must be printed as required on the labels of narcotics¹⁴， psychotropic substances， toxic¹⁵ drugs， radioactive drugs and medicines for external use.

　　Article 38 A pharmaceuticals trading enterprise engaged in the repackaging of medicines must possess the necessary facilities and sanitary¹⁶ conditions suitable for the purpose， and pharmaceutical technicians must be placed in charge of this work. The repackaging records must be complete and accurate.

　　The repackaged medicine must enclose directions for use， and on the package must be indicated the name of the medicine， specifications， the producer， the batch number of the product， the repackaging unit and the lot number of the repackaged product. If the medicine has a period of validity， it must also be indicated on the new package.

　　Chapter VII Pharmaceuticals Under Special Control

　　Article 39 The state adopts special measures for the control of narcotics， psychotropic substances， toxic drugs and radioactive drugs. Regulations for the control of these drugs shall be formulated by the State Council.

　　Article 40 Narcotics， including their mother plants， must be produced only by units jointly¹⁷ designated by the administrative department of health under the State Council and other departments concerned， and must be supplied by units jointly designated by the administrative department of health of provinces， autonomous regions， and municipalities directly under the Central Government and other departments concerned.

　　Chapter VIII Administration of Trademarks¹⁹ and Advertisements of Pharmaceuticals

　　Article 41 Registered trademarks must be used for all pharmaceuticals with the exception of traditional Chinese medicinal materials and their preparations in ready-to-use forms. The sale of pharmaceuticals without completing trademark¹⁸ registration shall be prohibited.

　　The registered trademark must appear on the package and the label of the medicine.

　　Article 42 Advertisements of pharmaceuticals must be examined and approved by the administrative department of health of the relevant province， autonomous region， or municipality directly under the Central Government. In the absence of such approval， advertisement of any medicine may not be published， broadcast， handed out or posted on walls.

　　Article 43 Foreign enterprises which apply to advertise pharmaceuticals in China must submit relevant documents of approval by the country （region） in which the pharmaceuticals are produced， directions for use and other relevant materials.

　　Article 44 Advertisements of pharmaceuticals must be based on the directions for use approved by the administrative department of health under the State Council or the administrative departments of health of provinces， autonomous regions， or municipalities directly under the Central Government.

　　Chapter IX Supervision²⁰ over Pharmaceuticals

　　Article 45 The administrative departments of health at or above the county level shall exercise supervisory power over pharmaceuticals.

　　The administrative departments of health at or above the county level may set up organs for the administration of pharmaceuticals and organs for the inspection²¹ of pharmaceuticals.

　　Article 46 There shall be pharmaceutical inspectors²² in the administrative departments of health at or above the county level. Pharmaceutical inspectors shall be appointed from among pharmacological technical personnel and issued certificates by the people's governments at the same level.

　　Article 47 Pharmaceutical inspectors are authorized²³ to exercise， in accordance with the regulations， supervision， inspection and sampling as regards the quality of pharmaceuticals in the producing enterprises， trading enterprises and medical units within their jurisdiction²⁴， and when necessary may pick samples at random²⁵ and ask for relevant data in accordance with regulations. The enterprises and units concerned may not refuse such requests or withhold²⁶ relevant data. Pharmaceutical inspectors are duty-bound to keep confidential²⁷ the technical information provided by pharmaceutical producing enterprises and scientific research institutions.

　　Article 48 Pharmaceutical producing enterprises， pharmaceutical trading enterprises and medical institutions shall conduct regular surveys of the quality， curative effects and adverse reactions of the pharmaceuticals they have produced， traded in or used. When drug poisoning is discovered， the medical institution concerned must promptly²⁸ report the matter to the local administrative department of health.

　　Article 49 The organs or personnel in charge of pharmaceutical inspection in pharmaceutical producing enterprises and pharmaceutical

　　trading enterprises shall receive operational guidance from the local pharmaceutical inspection organs.

　　Chapter X Legal Responsibility

　　Article 50 Whoever produces or sells fake medicines shall have his fake medicines and unlawful income confiscated²⁹ and may concurrently³⁰ be fined； in addition， he may be ordered to suspend production or business operations pending³¹ rectification³²， or have his Pharmaceutical Producer Licence， Pharmaceutical Trading Enterprise Licence or Dispensing³³ Permit revoked³⁴.

　　An individual who produces or sells fake medicines， or the person directly responsible for a unit which commits this offence， and thereby³⁵ endangers people's health， shall be investigated for criminal liability under Article 164 of the Criminal Law.

　　Article 51 Whoever produces or sells medicines of inferior quality shall have his medicines of inferior quality and unlawful income confiscated and may be fined as well. If the circumstances are serious， the unit concerned shall be ordered to suspend production or business operations pending rectification， or have its Pharmaceutical Producer Licence， Pharmaceutical Trading Enterprise Licence or Dispensing Permit revoked. An individual who produces or sells medicines of inferior quality or the person directly responsible for a unit which commits this offence， and thereby endangers people's health and causes serious consequences， shall be investigated for criminal liability in reference to the provisions of Article 164 of the Criminal Law.

　　Article 52 Any unit engaged in the production， trading or preparation of medicines without obtaining the Pharmaceutical Producer Licence， Pharmaceutical Trading Enterprise Licence or Dispensing Permit shall be ordered to suspend production， business operations or preparation of such medicines.

　　The medicines and unlawful income shall all be confiscated and a fine may also be imposed.

　　Article 53 Whoever violates any other provision of this Law on the administration of pharmaceutical production and pharmaceutical trading shall be served a warning or be fined.

　　Article 54 The decision to mete³⁶ out administrative sanctions stipulated³⁷ in this Law shall be made by the administrative departments of health at or above the county level. The decision to mete out administrative sanctions for violations³⁹ of the provisions of Article 15 or of Chapter VIII on administration of advertisements of this Law shall be made by the administrative departments for industry and commerce.

　　Punishment by suspension of production or business operations pending rectification for seven days or more， or revocation⁴⁰ of the Pharmaceutical Producer Licence or Pharmaceutical Trading Enterprise Licence to be meted⁴¹ out to pharmaceutical producing enterprises or pharmaceutical trading enterprises directly under the jurisdiction of the Central Government or of the people's governments of provinces， autonomous regions， or municipalities directly under the Central Government， shall be submitted by the administrative department of health of the relevant province， autonomous region， or municipality directly under the Central Government to the people's government at the same level for final decision.

　　Punishment by suspension of production or business operations for seven days or more， or revocation of the Pharmaceutical Producer Licence or Pharmaceutical Trading Enterprise Licence， to be meted out to pharmaceutical producing enterprises or pharmaceutical trading enterprises under the jurisdiction of people's governments at or below the city or county level， shall be submitted by the administrative department of health of the people's governments at or below the city or county level to the people's governments at the same level for final decision. The confiscated pharmaceuticals shall be disposed of under the supervision of the administrative departments of health.

　　Article 55 If the party concerned does not accept the administrative sanction decided⁴² on， it may file suit in the people's court within 15 days after receiving notification of the sanction. However， the said party must immediately carry out the decision on the control of pharmaceuticals made by the administrative department of health. If the party neither complies with the sanction nor files suit within the time limit， the organ which made the decision on the administrative sanction shall apply to the people's court for compulsory⁴³ execution.

　　Article 56 If any individual or unit， in violation³⁸ of this Law， causes drug poisoning， he or it shall be liable for the damage. The victims may request the administrative department of health at or above the county level to handle the matter； if a party does not accept the decision， it may file suit in the people's court. The victims， too， may directly take the case to the people's court.

　　The claim for compensation must be made within a year from the day on which the victim or his representative was aware or should have been aware of the damage done. No claim for compensation shall be entertained beyond the time limit.

　　Chapter XI Supplementary⁴⁴ Provisions

　　Article 57 For the purpose of this Law， the definitions of the following terms are：

　　“Pharmaceuticals” means articles intended for use in the prevention， treatment or diagnosis⁴⁵ of human diseases， or intended to effect the purposive regulation of human physiological⁴⁶ functions， for which indications， usage and dosage are prescribed， including raw traditional Chinese medicinal materials， traditional medicines prepared in ready-to- use forms and other prepared Chinese medicines， medicinal chemicals and their preparations， antibiotics⁴⁷， biochemical medicines， radioactive drugs， serums⁴⁸， vaccines⁴⁹， blood products， diagnostic aids， etc.

　　“New medicines” means medicines which have not been produced in this country before. “Supplementary materials” means the excipients and additives⁵⁰ used for the production and dispensing of pharmaceuticals.

　　“Pharmaceutical producing enterprise” means an enterprise exclusively or partly engaged in the production of pharmaceuticals.

　　“Pharmaceutical trading enterprise” means an enterprise exclusively or partly engaged in the trading of pharmaceuticals.

　　Article 58 The production of pharmaceuticals referred to in this Law does not include the cultivation⁵¹， collection and breeding of all categories of medicinal materials used in traditional Chinese medicine.

　　Article 59 The administrative department of health under the State Council shall， pursuant to this Law， draw up measures for its implementation⁵²， which shall enter into force after being submitted to and approved by the State Council.

　　Measures for the control of pharmaceuticals specially⁵³ needed by the Chinese People's Army shall be formulated by the competent military department of the state.

　　Article 60 This Law shall enter into force as of July 1， 1985.

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收听单词发音

1 administrative
adj.行政的，管理的
参考例句：
The administrative burden must be lifted from local government.必须解除地方政府的行政负担。 He regarded all these administrative details as beneath his notice.他认为行政管理上的这些琐事都不值一顾。

2 autonomous
adj.自治的；独立的
参考例句：
They proudly declared themselves part of a new autonomous province.他们自豪地宣布成为新自治省的一部分。 This is a matter that comes within the jurisdiction of the autonomous region.这件事是属于自治区权限以内的事务。

3 formulated
v.构想出( formulate的过去式和过去分词 )；规划；确切地阐述；用公式表示
参考例句：
He claims that the writer never consciously formulated his own theoretical position. 他声称该作家从未有意识地阐明他自己的理论见解。来自《简明英汉词典》 This idea can be formulated in two different ways. 这个意思可以有两种说法。来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

4 components
（机器、设备等的）构成要素，零件，成分；成分( component的名词复数 )； [物理化学]组分； [数学]分量；（混合物的）组成部分
参考例句：
the components of a machine 机器部件 Our chemistry teacher often reduces a compound to its components in lab. 在实验室中化学老师常把化合物分解为各种成分。

5 pharmaceutical
adj.药学的，药物的；药用的，药剂师的
参考例句：
She has donated money to establish a pharmaceutical laboratory.她捐款成立了一个药剂实验室。 We are engaged in a legal tussle with a large pharmaceutical company.我们正同一家大制药公司闹法律纠纷。

6 registration
n.登记，注册，挂号
参考例句：
Marriage without registration is not recognized by law.法律不承认未登记的婚姻。 What's your registration number?你挂的是几号？

7 deteriorated
恶化，变坏( deteriorate的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句：
Her health deteriorated rapidly, and she died shortly afterwards. 她的健康状况急剧恶化，不久便去世了。 His condition steadily deteriorated. 他的病情恶化，日甚一日。

8 contagious
adj.传染性的，有感染力的
参考例句：
It's a highly contagious infection.这种病极易传染。 He's got a contagious laugh.他的笑富有感染力。

9 pharmaceuticals
n.医药品；药物( pharmaceutical的名词复数 )
参考例句：
the development of new pharmaceuticals 新药的开发 The companies are pouring trillions of yen into biotechnology research,especially for pharmaceuticals and new seeds. 这些公司将大量资金投入生物工艺学研究，尤其是药品和新种子方面。来自《简明英汉词典》

10 consignor
n.委托者；发货人；寄件人；交付人
参考例句：
A dead body of a male adult, a dead consignor, a target. 一具男人的尸体，一位死去的委托者，一个目标。来自互联网 Frozen plant of company many invest in, attract consignor thick as hail. 公司大量投资于冷冻设备，吸引货主纷至沓来。来自互联网

11 specifications
n.规格；载明；详述；（产品等的）说明书；说明书( specification的名词复数 )；详细的计划书；载明；详述
参考例句：
Our work must answer the specifications laid down. 我们的工作应符合所定的规范。来自《简明英汉词典》 This sketch does not conform with the specifications. 图文不符。来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

12 batch
n.一批(组，群)；一批生产量
参考例句：
The first batch of cakes was burnt.第一炉蛋糕烤焦了。 I have a batch of letters to answer.我有一批信要回复。

13 adverse
adj.不利的；有害的；敌对的，不友好的
参考例句：
He is adverse to going abroad.他反对出国。 The improper use of medicine could lead to severe adverse reactions.用药不当会产生严重的不良反应。

14 narcotics
n.麻醉药( narcotic的名词复数 )；毒品；毒
参考例句：
The use of narcotics by teenagers is a problem in many countries. 青少年服用麻醉药在许多国家中都是一个问题。来自《现代汉英综合大词典》 Police shook down the club, looking for narcotics. 警方彻底搜查了这个俱乐部，寻找麻醉品。来自《简明英汉词典》

15 toxic
adj.有毒的，因中毒引起的
参考例句：
The factory had accidentally released a quantity of toxic waste into the sea.这家工厂意外泄漏大量有毒废物到海中。 There is a risk that toxic chemicals might be blasted into the atmosphere.爆炸后有毒化学物质可能会进入大气层。

16 sanitary
adj.卫生方面的，卫生的，清洁的，卫生的
参考例句：
It's not sanitary to let flies come near food.让苍蝇接近食物是不卫生的。 The sanitary conditions in this restaurant are abominable.这家饭馆的卫生状况糟透了。

17 jointly
ad.联合地，共同地
参考例句：
Tenants are jointly and severally liable for payment of the rent. 租金由承租人共同且分别承担。 She owns the house jointly with her husband. 她和丈夫共同拥有这所房子。

18 trademark
n.商标；特征；vt.注册的…商标
参考例句：
The trademark is registered on the book of the Patent Office.该商标已在专利局登记注册。 The trademark of the pen was changed.这钢笔的商标改了。

19 trademarks
n.（注册）商标( trademark的名词复数 )；（人的行为或衣着的）特征，标记
参考例句：
Motrin and Nuprin are trademarks of brands of ibuprofen tablets. Nuprin和Motrin均是布洛芬的商标。来自《简明英汉词典》 Many goods in China have the trademarks of a panda. 中国的许多商品都带有熊猫的商标。来自《简明英汉词典》

20 supervision
n.监督，管理
参考例句：
The work was done under my supervision.这项工作是在我的监督之下完成的。 The old man's will was executed under the personal supervision of the lawyer.老人的遗嘱是在律师的亲自监督下执行的。

21 inspection
n.检查，审查，检阅
参考例句：
On random inspection the meat was found to be bad.经抽查，发现肉变质了。 The soldiers lined up for their daily inspection by their officers.士兵们列队接受军官的日常检阅。

22 inspectors
n.检查员( inspector的名词复数 )；（英国公共汽车或火车上的）查票员；（警察）巡官；检阅官
参考例句：
They got into the school in the guise of inspectors. 他们假装成视察员进了学校。来自《简明英汉词典》 Inspectors checked that there was adequate ventilation. 检查员已检查过，通风良好。来自《简明英汉词典》

23 authorized
a.委任的，许可的
参考例句：
An administrative order is valid if authorized by a statute.如果一个行政命令得到一个法规的认可那么这个命令就是有效的。

24 jurisdiction
n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权
参考例句：
It doesn't lie within my jurisdiction to set you free.我无权将你释放。 Changzhou is under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu Province.常州隶属江苏省。

25 random
adj.随机的；任意的；n.偶然的(或随便的)行动
参考例句：
The list is arranged in a random order.名单排列不分先后。 On random inspection the meat was found to be bad.经抽查，发现肉变质了。

26 withhold
v.拒绝，不给；使停止，阻挡
参考例句：
It was unscrupulous of their lawyer to withhold evidence.他们的律师隐瞒证据是不道德的。 I couldn't withhold giving some loose to my indignation.我忍不住要发泄一点我的愤怒。

27 confidential
adj.秘（机）密的，表示信任的，担任机密工作的
参考例句：
He refused to allow his secretary to handle confidential letters.他不让秘书处理机密文件。 We have a confidential exchange of views.我们推心置腹地交换意见。

28 promptly
adv.及时地，敏捷地
参考例句：
He paid the money back promptly.他立即还了钱。 She promptly seized the opportunity his absence gave her.她立即抓住了因他不在场给她创造的机会。

29 confiscated
没收，充公( confiscate的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句：
Their land was confiscated after the war. 他们的土地在战后被没收。 The customs officer confiscated the smuggled goods. 海关官员没收了走私品。

30 concurrently
adv.同时地
参考例句：
He was given two twelve month sentences to run concurrently. 他两罪均判12个月监禁，同期执行。来自《简明英汉词典》 He was given two prison sentences, to run concurrently. 他两罪均判监禁，同期执行。来自辞典例句

31 pending
prep.直到，等待…期间；adj.待定的；迫近的
参考例句：
The lawsuit is still pending in the state court.这案子仍在州法庭等待定夺。 He knew my examination was pending.他知道我就要考试了。

32 rectification
n. 改正, 改订, 矫正
参考例句：
The process of producing a shift of the average value is called rectification. 产生平均值移动的过程叫做整流。 This effect, in analogy to its radiofrequency counterpart, is known as optical rectification. 同它的射频对应物相仿，这种现象称为光学整流。

33 dispensing
v.分配( dispense的现在分词 )；施与；配（药）
参考例句：
A dispensing optician supplies glasses, but doesn't test your eyes. 配镜师为你提供眼镜，但不检查眼睛。来自《简明英汉词典》 The firm has been dispensing ointments. 本公司配制药膏。来自《简明英汉词典》

34 revoked
adj.[法]取消的v.撤销，取消，废除( revoke的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句：
It may be revoked if the check is later dishonoured. 以后如支票被拒绝支付，结算可以撤销。来自辞典例句 A will is revoked expressly. 遗嘱可以通过明示推翻。来自辞典例句

35 thereby
adv.因此，从而
参考例句：
I have never been to that city,,ereby I don't know much about it.我从未去过那座城市，因此对它不怎么熟悉。 He became a British citizen,thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了英国公民，因而得到了投票权。

36 mete
v.分配；给予
参考例句：
Schools should not mete out physical punishment to children.学校不应该体罚学生。 Duly mete out rewards and punishments.有赏有罚。

37 stipulated
vt.& vi.规定；约定adj.[法]合同规定的
参考例句：
A delivery date is stipulated in the contract. 合同中规定了交货日期。 Yes, I think that's what we stipulated. 对呀，我想那是我们所订定的。来自辞典例句

38 violation
n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯
参考例句：
He roared that was a violation of the rules.他大声说，那是违反规则的。 He was fined 200 dollars for violation of traffic regulation.他因违反交通规则被罚款200美元。

39 violations
违反( violation的名词复数 )；冒犯；违反（行为、事例）；强奸
参考例句：
This is one of the commonest traffic violations. 这是常见的违反交通规则之例。 These violations of the code must cease forthwith. 这些违犯法规的行为必须立即停止。

40 revocation
n.废止，撤回
参考例句：
the revocation of planning permission 建筑许可的撤销 The revocation of the Edict of Nantes was signed here in 1685. 1685年南特敕令的废除是在这里宣布的。来自互联网

41 meted
v.（对某人）施以，给予（处罚等）( mete的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句：
The severe punishment was meted out to the unruly hooligan. 对那个嚣张的流氓已给予严厉惩处。来自《现代汉英综合大词典》 The money was meted out only after it had been carefully counted. 钱只有仔细点过之后才分发。来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

42 decided
adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的
参考例句：
This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。 There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。

43 compulsory
n.强制的，必修的；规定的，义务的
参考例句：
Is English a compulsory subject?英语是必修课吗？ Compulsory schooling ends at sixteen.义务教育至16岁为止。

44 supplementary
adj.补充的，附加的
参考例句：
There is a supplementary water supply in case the rain supply fails.万一主水源断了，我们另外有供水的地方。 A supplementary volume has been published containing the index.附有索引的增补卷已经出版。

45 diagnosis
n.诊断，诊断结果，调查分析，判断
参考例句：
His symptoms gave no obvious pointer to a possible diagnosis.他的症状无法作出明确的诊断。 The engineer made a complete diagnosis of the bridge's collapse.工程师对桥的倒塌做一次彻底的调查分析。

46 physiological
adj.生理学的，生理学上的
参考例句：
He bought a physiological book.他买了一本生理学方面的书。 Every individual has a physiological requirement for each nutrient.每个人对每种营养成分都有一种生理上的需要。

47 antibiotics
n.（用作复数）抗生素；（用作单数）抗生物质的研究；抗生素，抗菌素( antibiotic的名词复数 )
参考例句：
the discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century 20世纪抗生素的发现 The doctor gave me a prescription for antibiotics. 医生给我开了抗生素。

48 serums
n.（动物体内的）浆液( serum的名词复数 )；血清；（一剂）免疫血清
参考例句：
To observe the trends of plague FI antibody serums of Microtus fuscus. 观察青海田鼠血清中鼠疫FI抗体动态。来自互联网 The contents of T_3,T_4 and cAMP in serums were increased by 16.01%(P<0.05),17.06%(P<0.05) and 19.88%(P<0.05) respectively. 三碘甲腺原氨酸、甲状腺素和环腺苷酸含量，分别比对照组增加了16.01%(P<0.05)、17.06%(P<0.05)和19.88%(P<0.05)。来自互联网

49 vaccines
疫苗，痘苗( vaccine的名词复数 )
参考例句：
His team are at the forefront of scientific research into vaccines. 他的小组处于疫苗科研的最前沿。 The vaccines were kept cool in refrigerators. 疫苗放在冰箱中冷藏。

50 additives
n.添加剂( additive的名词复数 )
参考例句：
chemical additives in petrol 汽油中的化学添加剂 It'says on the packet that these crisps contain no additives. 包装上说这些炸薯片不含添加剂。来自《简明英汉词典》

51 cultivation
n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成
参考例句：
The cultivation in good taste is our main objective.培养高雅情趣是我们的主要目标。 The land is not fertile enough to repay cultivation.这块土地不够肥沃，不值得耕种。

52 implementation
n.实施，贯彻
参考例句：
Implementation of the program is now well underway.这一项目的实施现在行情看好。

53 specially
adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地
参考例句：
They are specially packaged so that they stack easily.它们经过特别包装以便于堆放。 The machine was designed specially for demolishing old buildings.这种机器是专为拆毁旧楼房而设计的。

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