中华人民共和国水法
Water Law of the People's Republic of China

（Adopted at the 24the Meeting of the Standing¹ Committee of the Sixth National People's Congress and promulgated² by Order No. 61 of the President of the People's Republic of China on January 21， 1988， and effective as of July 1， 1988）
时效性：已被修正　 颁布日期：19880121 　实施日期：19880701 　失效日期：20021001 　颁布单位：全国人大常委会

　　Contents

　　Chapter I General Provisions

　　Chapter II Development and Utilization³

　　Chapter III Protection of Water， Water Areas and Water Projects

　　Chapter IV Management of the Use of Water

　　Chapter V Flood Prevention and Flood Fighting

　　Chapter VI Legal Liability

　　Chapter VII Supplementary⁴ Provisions

　　Chapter I

　　General Provisions

　　Article 1 This Law is formulated⁵ for the rational development and utilization of water resources and the protection of such resources， for the prevention and control of water disasters， and for the full derivation of comprehensive benefits from water resources in order to meet the needs in national economic development and in the livelihood⁶ of the people.

　　Article 2 The “water resources” referred to in this Law includes surface water and groundwater. This Law must be observed in the development， utilization， protection and management of water resources and in the prevention and control of water disasters within the territory of the People's Republic of China.

　　Provisions for the development， utilization， protection and management of sea water shall be stipulated⁷ separately.

　　Article 3 Water resources shall be owned by the state， that is， by the whole people.

　　The waters of ponds and reservoirs belonging to agricultural collective economic organizations shall be owned by the collectives.

　　The state shall protect the lawful⁸ rights and interests of units and individuals engaged in the development and utilization of water resources in accordance with law.

　　Article 4 The state shall encourage and support various undertakings⁹ for the development and utilization of water resources and for the prevention and control of water disasters.

　　The development and utilization of water resources and the prevention and control of water disasters shall be carried out by comprehensive planning with all factors taken into consideration， and with emphasis on multipurpose use and on achieving maximum benefits so as to give full play to the multiple functions of water resources.

　　Article 5 The state shall protect water resources and adopt effective measures to preserve natural flora¹⁰， plant trees and grow grass， conserve¹¹ water sources， prevent and control soil erosion and improve the ecological¹² environment.

　　Article 6 All units shall strengthen the prevention and control of water pollution so as to protect and improve water quality. People's governments at various levels shall， in accordance with the provisions of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution， strengthen supervision¹³ over， and management of， the prevention and control of water pollution.

　　Article 7 The state shall carry out planning and require strict economy in the use of water.

　　People's governments at various levels shall strengthen the management of the economical use of water. All units shall adopt advanced technology for the economical use of water， reduce water consumption and raise the frequency of the reuse of water.

　　Article 8 Units and individuals that have made outstanding achievements in the development， utilization， protection and management of water resources， in the prevention and control of water disasters， in the economical use of water and in related scientific and technological¹⁴ research shall be awarded by the people's governments at the corresponding level.

　　Article 9 The state shall， with respect to water resources， adopt a system which combines unified¹⁵ administration with administration at various levels and by various departments.

　　The department of water administration under the State Council shall be in charge of the unified administration of water resources throughout the country.

　　Other relevant departments under the State Council shall， in accordance with the duties assigned to them by the State Council， be in charge of the administration of water resources related to them in coordination¹⁶ with the department of water administration under the State Council.

　　The departments of water administration and other relevant departments of the local people's governments at or above the county level shall be in charge of the administration of water resources related to them in accordance with the duties assigned to them by the people's governments at the corresponding level.

　　Chapter II

　　Development and Utilization

　　Article 10 In order to develop and utilize¹⁷ water resources， a comprehensive scientific survey and an investigation¹⁸ and assessment¹⁹ must be undertaken. The comprehensive scientific survey and the investigation and assessment of water resources throughout the country shall be carried out by the department of water administration under the State Council jointly²⁰ with other departments concerned.

　　Article 11 The development and utilization of water resources as well as the prevention and control of water disasters shall be planned in a unified way on the basis of river basins or regions. The plans are divided into comprehensive plans and special plans.

　　Comprehensive plans for major river basins designated by the state shall be formulated by the department of water administration under the State Council jointly with the relevant departments and with the people's governments of the relevant provinces， autonomous²¹ regions or municipalities directly under the Central Government， and shall be submitted to the State Council for approval. Comprehensive plans for other river basins or regions shall be formulated by the departments of water administration of local people's governments at or above the county level jointly with the relevant departments and local authorities， and shall be submitted to the people's governments at the corresponding level for approval and to the departments of water administration at the next higher level for the record. Comprehensive plans shall be coordinated²² with the National Land Plan and take into consideration the needs in various regions and trades.

　　Special plans for the prevention of floods， the control of water-logging， irrigation， navigation， urban and industrial water supply， hydro-electric power generation， bamboo or log rafting， fishery， water quality protection， hydrologic surveys， the general prospecting²³ and dynamic monitoring of groundwater， etc.， shall be formulated respectively by the competent departments of the people's governments at or above the county level and shall be submitted to the people's governments at the corresponding level for approval.

　　The approved plans shall serve as the bases for the development and utilization of water resources as well as the prevention and control of water disasters. Any amendment²⁴ to an approved plan must be examined and approved by the organ that originally approved the plan.

　　Article 12 No unit or individual shall， while channeling， storing or discharging water， infringe²⁵ upon public interests or the lawful rights and interests of other people.

　　Article 13 The development and utilization of water resources shall conform to the overall arrangement for the prevention of floods， follow the principle of promoting benefits while eliminating disasters， and take into consideration the interests of upstream and downstream areas， of the left and right banks and of all regions concerned， so as to give full play to the comprehensive benefits of water resources.

　　Article 14 The development and utilization of water resources shall first satisfy the need of the urban and rural inhabitants in their domestic use of water and give overall consideration to the agricultural and industrial need for water as well as to the need of navigation. In areas where the water sources are insufficient²⁶， the scale of the urban area and the development of industrial and agricultural undertakings which use a large amount of water shall be restricted.

　　Article 15 All areas shall， according to their respective water and soil resources， develop irrigation， drainage and water and soil conservation to bring in stable and high agricultural yields.

　　In areas where the water sources are insufficient， any irrigation method which makes for an economical use of water shall be adopted.

　　In areas which are prone²⁷ to salinization-alkalization and water-logging， which makes for an economical use of water shall be adopted.

　　Article 16 The state shall encourage the development and utilization of hydraulic²⁸ power potentials. On rivers rich with hydraulic power potentials， multipurpose cascade²⁹ development shall be effected in a planned way.

　　In the development of hydropower stations， the ecological environment shall be protected， and the needs for flood control， water supply， irrigation， navigation， bamboo and log rafting， fishery， etc. Shall be taken into account.

　　Article 17 The state shall protect and encourage the development of water transport resources. When permanent dams and sluice-gates are built on rivers which are navigable or suitable for bamboo and log rafting， the construction unit must at the same time build facilities for the passage of ships and for bamboo and log rafting or， after approval by a department authorized³⁰ by the State Council， take other remedial measures. The construction unit must also make adequate arrangements for navigation and bamboo and log rafting during the construction period and the initial water-filling period， and bear the expenses incurred³¹ thereby³².

　　Where a non-navigable river or man-made waterway becomes navigable after a dam or sluice-gate is built， the construction unit shall at the same time build facilities for the passage of ships or reserve sites for such facilities. The expenses needed for such facilities shall， except as otherwise provided for by the state， by borne by the transport department concerned. Where any existing dam or sluice－gate hinders navigation， the people's government at or above the county level shall order the original construction unit to take remedial measures within a prescribed time limit.

　　Article 18 Where the building of a dam or sluice-gate on the migration³³ route of fish， shrimp³⁴ or crabs³⁵ has a serious impact on fishery resources， the construction unit shall build facilities for their passage or adopt other remedial measures.

　　Article 19 The building of any dam and sluice-gate， bridge， wharf³⁶ or any structure which blocks， crosses or borders a river channel， and the laying of a pipeline³⁷ or a cable which crosses a river， must be in conformity³⁸ with the standards for the prevention of floods and navigation and other related technical requirements set by the state.

　　Where the building of any of the structures or facilities referred to in the preceding paragraph requires the extension， modification³⁹， removal or destruction of the original structures or facilities， the unit constructing the new project shall bear the expenses for extension or modification and the expenses for the compensation of losses， unless the original structures or facilities were built in violation⁴⁰ of the relevant regulations.

　　Article 20 Where the building of any water project or any other construction project has an adverse⁴¹ effect on the current use of water for irrigation， the existing source of water supply or the present flow of the navigation channel， the unit constructing the project shall adopt remedial measures or otherwise make compensation.

　　Article 21 Where an interbasin diversion project is to be built， an overall plan and a scientific justification⁴² must be provided， and consideration given to the demand for water in the basin which supplies the water and in the basin which receives it， while adverse effects on the ecological environment shall be avoided.

　　Article 22 The building of any water project must conform with the capital construction procedures and the other relevant provisions stipulated by the state. Where a project involves the interests of other regions and trades， the construction unit must first solicit⁴³ opinions from the regions and departments concerned and， in accordance with the relevant provisions， report the project to the people's government at the higher level or the competent department concerned for approval.

　　Article 23 Where a water project to be built by the state requires the resettlement of inhabitants， the local people's government shall be responsible for making proper arrangements for the livelihood and production of the inhabitants to be resettled. The funds needed for the resettlement of inhabitants shall be included in the investment plan for the project， and the resettlement shall be completed within the construction stage on schedule.

　　Chapter III

　　Protection of Water， Water Areas and Water Projects

　　Article 24 In any river， lake， reservoir or canal， no person may abandon or pile objects which block navigation or the passage of flood water， or plant trees or grow crops of a long-stalk variety which block the passage of flood water.

　　In any navigable channel， no person may abandon any sunken boat， lay any fishing gear which blocks navigation， or grow aquatic⁴⁴ plants.

　　No person may erect⁴⁵ any building in a riverbed or in flood land without the approval of the competent department concerned.

　　Anyone who wishes to mine for sand and gravel⁴⁶ or placer gold within the extent of a river course through which flood water passes or into which water from waterlogged areas is drained， or within the extent of a navigable river， must apply to the department of river administration for approval， and must conduct his mining within the approved confines and in conformity with the approved operation procedures. Where the mining relates to a navigable river， it shall be subject to approval by the department of river administration and the department of navigation.

　　Article 25 The drawing of groundwater must be carried out by a unified plan based on the findings of a survey and assessment of water resources， and the supervision and management of the drawing must be strengthened. In areas where too much groundwater has been drawn⁴⁷， a strict control shall be imposed on the drawing and effective measures taken to protect the groundwater resources and to prevent the subsidence of the ground.

　　Article 26 Where mining or the construction of underground projects， because of water drainage， results in a lowering of the groundwater level， the depletion⁴⁸ of groundwater or the subsidence of the ground and causes losses to the livelihood and production of units or individuals， the mining unit or the construction unit shall take remedial measures and compensate⁴⁹ for the losses.

　　Article 27 Reclaiming⁵⁰ parts of a lake for use as farmland shall be prohibied. Reclaiming parts of a river for use as farmland shall also be prohibited. Where reclamation⁵¹ is necessary， a scientific justification must be provided and approval obtained from a people's government at or above the provincial⁵² level.

　　Article 28 The state shall protect water projects and related facilities such as dikes and bank revetments， and shall protect flood prevention facilities， hydrologic monitoring facilities， hydrogeologic monitoring facilities， and navigation facilities and aids. No unit or individual may seize or destroy these facilities.

　　Article 29 Any state-owned water project shall have a zone for its management and protection， to be delimited by a people's government at or above the county level in accordance with the approved design and state provisions.

　　Any collectively-owned water project shall have a zone for its protection， to be delimited in accordance with stipulations made by the people's government of the relevant province， autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government.

　　Within the protection zone for a water project， any act of blasting， sinking a well， quarrying rock， and collecting earth， which endangers the safety of the water project， shall be prohibited

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