LUCRE¹. Gain, profit. Cl. des Lois Rom. h. t.

LUCRI CAUSA. This is a Latin expression, which signifies that the thing to which it applies is done for the sake of gain.

2. It was supposed that when a larceny² was committed the taking should have been lucri causa; but it has been considered that it is not necessary the taking should be lucri causa, if it be fraudulenter, with intent to wholly deprive the owner of the property. Russ. & Ry. 292; 2 RUSS.' on Cr. 92. 1 Car. & K. 532. Vide Inst. lib. 4, t. 1, s. 1.

LUGGAGE. Such things as are carried by a traveller, generally for his personal accommodation; baggage. In England this word is generally used in the same sense that baggage is used in the United States. See Baggage.

LUNACY, med. jur. A disease of the mind, which is differently defined as it applies to a class of disorders³, or only to one species of them. As a general term it includes all the varieties of mental, disorders, not fatuous⁴.

2. Lunacy is adopted as a general term, on account of its general use as such in various legislative⁵ acts and legal proceedings⁶, as commissions of lunacy, and in this sense it seems to be synonymous with non compos mentis, or of unsound mind.

3. In a more restricted sense, lunacy is the state of one who has bad understanding, but by discase, grief, or other accident, has lost the use of reason. 1 Bl. Com. 304.

4. The following extract from a late work, Stock on the Law of Non Compotes Mentis, will show the difficulties of discovering what is and what is not lunacy. "If it be difficult to find an appropriate definition or comprehensive name for the various species of lunacy," says this author, page 9, "it is quite as difficult to find anything approximating to a positive evidence of its presence. There are not in lunacy, as in fatuity⁷, external signs not to be mistaken, neither is there that similarity of manner and conduct which enables any one, who has observed instances of idiocy⁸ or imbecility, to detect their presence in all subsequent cases, by the feebleness of perception and dullness of sensibility common to them all. The varieties of lunacy are as numerous as the varieties of human nature, its excesses commensurate with the force of human passion, its phantasies coextensive with the range of human intellect. It may exhibit every mood from the most serious to the most gay, and take every tone from the most sublime⁹ to the most ridiculous. It may confine itself to any trifling¹⁰ feeling or opinion, or overcast¹¹ the whole moral and mental conformation. It may surround its victim with unreal persons and events, or merely cause him to regard real persons and events with an irrational¹² favor or dislike, admiration¹³ or contempt. It may find satisfaction in the most innocent folly¹⁴, or draw delight from the most atrocious crime. It may lurk¹⁵ so deeply as to elude¹⁶ the keenest search, or obtrude¹⁷ so openly as to attract the most careless notice. It may be the fancy of an hour, or the distraction¹⁸ of a whole life. Such being the fact, it is not surprising that many scientific and philosophical¹⁹ men have vainly exhausted²⁰ their observation and ingenuity²¹ to find out some special quality, some peculiar²² mark or characteristic common to all cases of lunacy, which might serve at least as a guide in deciding on its absence or presence in individual instances. Being hopeless of a definition, they would willingly have contented²³ themselves with a test, but even this the obscurity and difficulty of the subject seem to forbid.

5. Lord Erskine, who, in his practice at the bar, had his attention drawn²⁴ this way, from being engaged in some of the most remarkable²⁵ trials of his time involving questions of lunacy, has given as his test, "a delusive²⁶ image, the inseparable companion of real insanity²⁷," (Ersk. Misc. Speeches) and Dr. Haslam, whose opportunities of observation have surpassed most other persons, has proposed nearly the same, by saying that "false belief is the essence of insanity." (Haslam on Insanity.) Sir John Nicholl, in his admirable judgment²⁹ in the case of Dew v. Clark, thus expresses himself: "The true criterion is, where there is delusion³⁰ of mind there is insanity; that is, when persons believe things to exist, which exist only, or at least, in that degree exist only in their own imagimation, and of the non-existence of which neither argment nor proof can convince them; they are of unsound mind; or as one of the counsel accurately³¹ expressed it, it is only the belief of facts, which no rational person could have believed, that is insane delusion." (Report by Haggard, p. 7.) Useful as these several remarks are, they are not absolutely true. It is indeed beyond all question that the great majority of lunatics indulge in some "delusive image," entertain some "false belief." They assume the existence of things or persons which do not exist, and so yield to a delusive image, or they come to wrong conclusions about persons and things which do exist, and so fall into a false belief. But there is a class of cases where lunacy is the result of exclusive indulgence in particular trains of thought or feeling, where these tests are sometimes wholly wanting, and yet where the entire absorption of the faculties³² in one pedominant idea, the devotion of all the bodily and mental powers to one useless or injurious purpose, prove that the mind has lost its equilibrium³³. With some passions, indeed, such as self-esteem and fear, what was at first an engrossing³⁴ sentiment, will often go on to a positive delusion; the self-adoring egotist grows to fancy himself a sovereign or a deity³⁵; the timid valetudinarian³⁶ becomes the prey³⁷ of imaginary diseases, the victim of unreal persecutions. But with many other passions, such as desire, avarice³⁸ or revenge, the neglect and forgetfulness of all things save one, the insensibility to all restraints of reason, morality, or prudence³⁹, often proceed to such an extent as to justify⁴⁰ holding an individual as a lunatic, incapable⁴¹ of all self-restraint, although, strictly⁴² speaking, not possessed⁴³ by any delusive image or false belief. Much less do these tests apply to many cases of irresistible⁴⁴ propensity⁴⁵ to acts wholly irrational, such as to murder or to steal without the smallest assignable motive⁴⁶, which, rare as they are, certainly occur from time to time, and cannot but be held as an example of at least partial and temporary lunacy. It is to cases where no false belief or image can be detected, that the remark of Lord Erskine is more particularly applicable; "they frequently mock the wisdom of the wisest in judicial⁴⁷ trials," (Ersk. Misc. Speeches,) and were not the paramount⁴⁸ object of all legal punishment the benefit of the community, which makes it inexpedient to spare offenders⁴⁹ against the law, if insanity be the ground of their de-fence, except upon the clearest proof, lest skilful⁵⁰ dissemblers should thereby⁵¹ be led to hope for impunity⁵², very subtle questions might no doubt be raised as to the degree of moral responsibility and mental sanity²⁸ attaching to the perpetrators of many atrocious acts, seeing that they often commit them tinder temptations quite inadequate⁵³ to allure⁵⁴ men of common prudence, or under passions so violent as to suspend altogether the operations of reason or free will. For as it is impossible to obtain an accurate definition of lunacy, so it is manifestly so, to draw the line correctly between it and its opposite rationality, or, to borrow the words of Chief Justice Hale, (1 Hale's P. C. p. 30,) "Doubtless most persons that are felons⁵⁵, of themselves and others, are under a degree of partial insanity when they commit those offences. It is very difficult to define the indivisible line that divides perfect and partial, insanity; but it must rest on circumstances duly to be weighed and considered both by the judge and jury, lest on one side there be a kind of inhumanity towards the defects of human nature, or on the other side too great an indulgence given to great crimes."

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