NEGOTIATION¹, contracts The deliberation which takes place between the parties touching² a proposed agreement.

2. That which transpires³ in the negotiation makes no part of the agreement, unless introduced into it. It is a general rule that no evidence can be given to add, diminish, contradict or alter a written instrument. 1 Dall. 426; 4 Dall. 340; 3 S. & R. 609; 7 S. & R. 114. See Pourparler

NEGOTIATION, merc. law. The act by which a bill of exchange or promissory note is put into circulation by being passed by one of the original parties to another person.

2. Until an accommodation bill or note has been negotiated, there is no contract which can be enforced on the note: the contract, either express or implied, that the party accommodated will indemnify the other, is, till then, conditional⁴. 2 Man. & Gr. 911.

NEGOTIORUM GESTOR, contracts. In the civil law, the negotiorum gestor is one who spontaneously, and without authority, undertakes to act for another during his absence, in his affairs.

2. In cases of this sort, as he acts wholly without authority, there can, strictly⁵ speaking, be no contract, but the civil law raises a quasi mandate⁶ by implication, for the benefit of the owner in many such cases. Poth. App. Negot. Gest. Mandat, n. 167, &c.; Dig. 3, 5, 1, 9; Code, 2, 19, 2.

3. Nor is an implication of this sort wholly unknown to the common law., where there has been a subsequent ratification⁷ of acts of this kind by the owner; and sometimes, when unauthorized acts are done, positive presumptions⁸ are made by law for the benefit of particular, parties. For example, if a person enters upon a minor⁹'s lands, and takes the profit's, the law will oblige him to account to the minor for the profits, as his bailiff, in many cases. Dane's Abr. ch. 8, art. 2; SS 10; Bac. Abr. Account 1; Com. Dig. Accompt, A 3.

4. There is a case which has undergone decisions in our law, which approaches very near to that of negotionum gestorum. A master bad gratuitously¹⁰ taken charge of, and received on board of his vessel¹¹ a box, containing doubloons and other valuables, belonging to a passenger, who was to have worked his passage, but was accidentally left behind. During the voyage, the master opened the box, in the presence of the passengers, to ascertain¹² its contents, and whether there were contraband¹³ goods in it; and he took out the contents and lodged¹⁴ them in a bag in his own chest in his cabin, where his own valuables were kept. After his arrival in port, the bag was missing. The master was held responsible for the loss, on the ground that he had imposed on himself the duty of carefully guarding against all peril¹⁵ to which the property was exposed by means of the alteration¹⁶ in the place of custody¹⁷, although as a bailee without hire, he might not otherwise have been bound to take more than a prudent¹⁸ care of them; and that he had been guilty of negligence¹⁹ in guarding the goods. 1 Stark²⁰. R. 237. See Story, Bailm. 189; Story, Agency, 142; Poth. Pand. 1. 3, t. 5, n. 1 to L4; Poth. Ob. n. 113; 2 Kent, Com. 616, 3d ed; Ersk. Inst. B. 1, t. 3, SS 52; Stair, Inst. by Brodie, B. l, t. 8, 3 to 6.