商务英语写作应注意无性别区分用语
文章来源: 文章作者: 发布时间:2007-03-06 06:33 字体: [ ]  进入论坛
(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
使用没有性别区分的语言对于某些作者而言似乎是没有必要的,但是,如果一概使用男性化的代名词则会给读者留下这样的印象,即认为女性不包括在作者所指的群体当中。虽然有人会反驳说男性化的代名词"he" 和"his"同时指代男性和女性,但是读者而非作者完全会产生上述的印象。因为很多读者读到男性化的代名词时会认为仅指男性,所以,作者可能是不经意地创造了这种错误的印象。

  基于经验得来的重要方法就是避免使用具有性别特征的用语;只是在必须使用名词才能完成句子的情况下,可以使用"他或她"("he or she")作为替代。多数情况下可以重写一个句子避免使用具有性别特征的名词。下面将介绍三种方法。第一种是最理想的。不要使用“他们”代替他和她,“他们”应该只是在指称复数的情况下才使用。这里的每一个规则都提供了一个避免使用具有性别特征用语的方法。

  1、重写一个句子避免使用任何名词 通常可以用"the" 或"a"代替该名词。
  Incorrect: A good judge takes their job very seriously.
  Undesirable:A good judge takes his or her job very seriously.
  Better: A good judge takes the job very seriously.
  OR
  A good judge takes judging very seriously.
  Incorrect: A defendant1 should not be required to sacrifice their constitutional right to a fair trial for the sole benefit of allowing televised coverage2 of their trial.
  Better: A defendant should not be required to sacrifice his or her constitutional right to a fair trial for the sole benefit of allowing televised coverage of his or her trial.
  Best: A defendant should not be required to sacrifice the constitutional right to a fair trial for the sole benefit of allowing televised coverage of the trial.

  2. 如果必要的话,使用"one"代替"he or she"或"his or her"。但是,如果可能的话,也应该避免使用这一表达,因为"one"这个词用起来并不容易。
  不理想的:
  A person who masters the basic rules of grammar, punctuation3, and good writing is likely to impress his or her supervisors4.
  较理想的:
  One who masters the basic rules of grammar, punctuation, and good writing is likely to impress one’’s supervisors.

  3 如果必要的话,将主语由单数改为复数。如果你所指的并非一个明确的个体而是一类个体,你可以使用一个复数的主语,这样就可以避免使用具有性别特征的名词,同时还可以避免不正确地使用“他们”("their")这个名词。
  Incorrect: A teacher must communicate clearly with their students.
  Also Incorrect: A teacher must communicate clearly with her students.
  Better: A teacher must communicate clearly with his or her students.
  Best: Teachers must communicate clearly with their students.

  4、避免使用"s/he"作为名词正确的替代。有人提议采用"s/he"代替"he or she.",但是"s/he"并非一个单词,而且也不容易读。(能将之读为"she"或"s 斜线he"吗?哪个读音可取?) 
  Incorrect: The successful lawyer will shepardize all cases cited in a memo5. S/he also will avoid quoting from headnotes.
  Correct: Successful lawyers will shepardize all cases cited in a memo. They also will avoid quoting from headnotes.

  5、如果可能的话,避免使用具有性别特征的名称
  差的选择
  Chairman
  Congressman6
  Policeman
  Stewardess8, Steward7
  相对应较好的选择
  Chair, chairperson, leader
  Member of Congress, Representative
  Officer, police officer, police official
  Flight attendant

  6、正确使用"Ms." 和 "Mrs."。如果你知道一个人将自己称作"Mrs." 或"Miss,",你应该尊重别人的这种称呼。但是,如果你不知道该人的偏好,则你应使用"Ms."。不应该要求女性通过对"Mrs." 或"Miss,"的使用表明自己的婚否。同样,使用"Mr."指称一位男性时也并不表明他的婚否。虽然"Ms."实际上并非一个较长术语的缩写,但是人们已经接受了在这个术语后面加一个点。
  不好的:
  Mrs. Hillary Clinton; Mrs. Clinton; Ms. Clinton
  更不好的:
  Mrs. William J. Clinton
  较好的表达:
  Hillary Rodham Clinton; Ms. Hillary Rodham Clinton; Ms. Rodham Clinton

  7、正确使用姓氏。如果一位女性选择使用她的婚前姓氏而不是婚后姓氏,或者同时使用她的婚前姓氏和婚后姓氏(不管有无连字符),你应该尊重她的这种称呼。同时,如果一个人使用了包含父母姓氏的复姓,则你应该尊重她的这种称呼。
  Justice Ruth Ginsburg; Justice Sandra O’’Connor
  较好的(明智的)表达:
  Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg; Justice Sandra Day O’’Connor
  不好的:
  Christian9 Dinneen; Christian Long; Mr. Dinneen; Mr. Long
  较好的表达:
  Christian Dinneen-Long; Mr. Dinneen-Long



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 defendant mYdzW     
n.被告;adj.处于被告地位的
参考例句:
  • The judge rejected a bribe from the defendant's family.法官拒收被告家属的贿赂。
  • The defendant was borne down by the weight of evidence.有力的证据使被告认输了。
2 coverage nvwz7v     
n.报导,保险范围,保险额,范围,覆盖
参考例句:
  • There's little coverage of foreign news in the newspaper.报纸上几乎没有国外新闻报道。
  • This is an insurance policy with extensive coverage.这是一项承保范围广泛的保险。
3 punctuation 3Sbxk     
n.标点符号,标点法
参考例句:
  • My son's punctuation is terrible.我儿子的标点符号很糟糕。
  • A piece of writing without any punctuation is difficult to understand.一篇没有任何标点符号的文章是很难懂的。
4 supervisors 80530f394132f10fbf245e5fb15e2667     
n.监督者,管理者( supervisor的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • I think the best technical people make the best supervisors. 我认为最好的技术人员可以成为最好的管理人员。 来自辞典例句
  • Even the foremen or first-level supervisors have a staffing responsibility. 甚至领班或第一线的监督人员也有任用的责任。 来自辞典例句
5 memo 4oXzGj     
n.照会,备忘录;便笺;通知书;规章
参考例句:
  • Do you want me to send the memo out?您要我把这份备忘录分发出去吗?
  • Can you type a memo for me?您能帮我打一份备忘录吗?
6 Congressman TvMzt7     
n.(美)国会议员
参考例句:
  • He related several anecdotes about his first years as a congressman.他讲述自己初任议员那几年的几则轶事。
  • The congressman is meditating a reply to his critics.这位国会议员正在考虑给他的批评者一个答复。
7 steward uUtzw     
n.乘务员,服务员;看管人;膳食管理员
参考例句:
  • He's the steward of the club.他是这家俱乐部的管理员。
  • He went around the world as a ship's steward.他当客船服务员,到过世界各地。
8 stewardess BUkzw     
n.空中小姐,女乘务员
参考例句:
  • Please show your ticket to the stewardess when you board the plane.登机时请向空中小姐出示机票。
  • The stewardess hurried the passengers onto the plane.空中小姐催乘客赶快登机。
9 Christian KVByl     
adj.基督教徒的;n.基督教徒
参考例句:
  • They always addressed each other by their Christian name.他们总是以教名互相称呼。
  • His mother is a sincere Christian.他母亲是个虔诚的基督教徒。
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