Metal Terminology¹ Q

QUARTER HARD (No 3 TEMPER)
(A) In low carbon cold-rolled strip steel, a medium soft temper produced by a limited amount of cold rolling after annealing. (B) In brass² mill terminology. Quarter-Hard is one B and S number hard or 10.95% reduction. (C) In stainless³ steel terminology tempers are based on minimum tensile, or yield strength. For Chromium-Nickel grades Quarter Hard Temper is 125,000 T.S., 75,000 Y.S. min.

QUENCHING⁵
In the heat treating of metals, the step of cooling metals rapidly in order to obtain desired properties; most commonly accomplished⁶ by immersing the metal in oil or water. In the case of most copper⁷ base alloys⁹, quenching has no effect other than to hasten cooling.

QUENCH⁴ HARDENING
(Steel) - A process of hardening a ferrous alloy⁸ of suitable composition by heating within or above the transformation¹⁰ range and cooling at a rate sufficient to increase the hardness substantially. The process usually involves the formation of martensite.

Metal Terminology R

RADIANT TUBE ANNEALING BOX
(See Annealing) - A box which is heated, inside, by means of tubes on which gas is burned; the hot tubes radiate their heat to the covered pile of metal, standing¹¹ on the base of the box. Usually a protective atmosphere is maintained in the box to protect the metal from oxidation.

RADIOGRAPHY
A nondestructive method of internal examination in which metal objects are exposed to a beam of X-ray or gamma radiation. Differences in thickness, density¹² or absorption, caused by internal defects or inclusions, are apparent in the shadow image either on a fluorescent¹³ screen or on photographic film placed behind the object.

RAGGED¹⁴ EDGES
Edges of sheet or strip which are torn, split, cracked, ragged or burred or otherwise disfigured.

RECIPROCAL LATTICE
(For a crystal) - A group of points arranged about a center in such a way that the line joining each point to the center is perpendicular¹⁵ to a family of planes in the crystal, and the length of this line is inversely¹⁶ proportional to their interplanar distance.

RECOVERY
The removal of residual¹⁷ stresses by localized plastic flow as the result of low-temperature annealing operations performed on cold worked metals without altering the grain structure or strength properties substantially.

RECRYSTALLIZATION
A process whereby a distorted grain structure of cold worked metals is replaced by a new, stress-free grain structure as a result of annealing above a specific minimum temperature for a specific time.

RED BRASS
85% Copper - A copper-zinc¹⁸ alloy containing approximately 15% zinc, used for plumbing¹⁹ pipe, hardware, condenser²⁰ tubes. Because of its color, is used for vanity cases, coins, plaques²¹, badges, etc. It is somewhat stronger than commercial bronze and is hardened more rapidly by cold working.

RED SHORTNESS
Brittleness in steel when it is red hot.

REDUCTION OF AREA
The percent of cross-sectional area the metal will “Neck Down” prior to breaking in tension.

% R.A. = Original area - Area after Fracture x 100

REFINING TEMPERATURE
A temperature, usually just higher than the transformation range, employed in the heat treatment of steel to refine the structure - in particular, the grain size.

REFLECTOR SHEET
An alclad product containing on one side a surface layer of high-purity aluminum²² superimposed on a core or base alloy of commercial-purity aluminum or an aluminum-manganese alloy. The high-purity coating imparts good polishing characteristics and the core gives adequate strength and formability.

REFRACTORY²⁴
A heat-resistant material, usually nonmetallic, which is used for furnace linings²⁵ and such.

REFRACTORY ALLOY
A term applied²⁶ to those alloys which due to hardness or abrasiveness²⁷ present relative difficulty in maintaining close dimensional tolerances²⁸.

REPHOSPHORIZING
(Steel) - A Ladle-chemical treatment consisting of the addition of phosphorus as a work hardening agent when temper rolling black plate or sheet steel resulting in greater hardness and stiffness and with a corresponding loss in ductility²⁹.

NOTE - Black Plate in tempers T5 and T6 (R/B range 68/84) are temper rolled from Rephosphorized steel.

RESIDUAL STRESS
Macroscopic stresses that are set up within a metal as the result of non-uniform plastic deformation³⁰. This deformation may be caused by cold working or by drastic gradients of temperature from quenching or welding.

RESIDUALS
“Incidental” or “tramp” elements not named in a specification³¹. These inclusions are usually due to contaminated scrap³².

RESILIENCE
The tendency of welding process in which the work pieces are heated by the passage of an electric current through the contact. Such processes include spot welding, seam or line welding and percussion³³ welding. Flash and butt³⁴ welding are sometimes considered as resistance welding processes.

RESISTANCE WELDING
A type of welding process in which the work pieces are heated by the passage of an electric current through the contact. Such processes include spot welding, seam or line welding and percussion welding. Flash and butt welding are sometimes considered as resistance welding processes.

RIBBON WOUND
A term applied to a common method of winding³⁵ strip steel layer upon layer around an arbor³⁶ or mandrel.

RIFFLES
Waviness at the edge of sheet or strip.

RIMMED³⁷ STEEL
Low-carbon steel in which incomplete deoxidation permits the metal to remain liquid at the top of the ingot, resulting in the formation of a bottom and side rim²³ of considerable thickness. The rim is of somewhat purer composition than the original metal poured. If the rimming³⁸ action is stopped shortly after pouring of the ingot is completed, the metal is known as capped steel. Most steels below 0.15% carbon are rimmed steels. For the same carbon and manganese content rimmed steel is softer than killed steel.

RIPPLE
(Defect) - A slight transverse wave or shadow mark appearing at intervals³⁹ along the piece.

ROCKWELL HARDNESS (TEST)
A standard method for measuring the hardness of metals. The hardness is expressed as a number related to the depth of residual penetration⁴⁰ of a steel ball or diamond cone⁴¹ (“brale”) after a minor⁴² load of 10 kilograms has been applied to hold the penetrator in position. This residual penetration is automatically registered on a dial when the major load is removed from the penetrator. Various dial readings combined with different major loads, give “scales” designated by letters varying from “A” to “H”; the “B” and “C” scales are most commonly in use.

ROENTGEN RAYS
(See X-rays)

ROLL FORMING
An operation used in forming sheet. Strips of sheet are passed between rolls of definite settings that bend the sheet progressively into structural⁴³ members of various contours, sometimes called “molded sections.”

ROLLED EDGES
Finished edges, the final contours of which are produced by side or edging rolls. The edge contours most commonly used are square corners, rounded corners and rounded edge.

ROLLED IN SCALE
A surface defect consisting of scale partially⁴⁴ rolled into the surface of the sheet.

ROLLER LEVELING
Passing sheet or strip metal through a series of staggered small rolls so as to flatten⁴⁵ the metal. This method is relatively⁴⁶ ineffective in removing defects such as buckles⁴⁷, wavy⁴⁸ edges, corrugations, twists, etc., or from steel in the higher hardness ranges.

ROLLING
A term applied to the operation of shaping and reducing metal in thickness by passing it between rolls which compress, shape and lengthen⁴⁹ it following the roll pattern.

ROLLING DIRECTION
(In rolled metal) - The direction, in the plane of the sheet, perpendicular to the axes of the rolls during rolling.

ROLLING MILLS
Equipment used for rolling down metal to a smaller size or to a given shape employing sets of rolls tie contours of which determine or fashion the product into numerous intermediate and final shapes, e.g., blooms, slabs⁵⁰, rails, bars, rods, sections, plates, sheets and strip.

ROTARY⁵¹ SHEAR
(Slitting⁵² Machine) - A cutting machine with sharpened circular blades or disc-like cutters used for trimming edges and slitting sheet and foil. NOTE: Cutter discs are also employed in producing circles from flat sheets but with differently designed machines.

RULE DIE STEEL
A hardened and tempered medium high carbon spring steel strip sufficiently low hardness to take moderately sharp bends without fracture, intended for manufacture into rule dies for the purpose of cutting or stamping fabrics, paper, cardboard, plastics, and metal foil into desired shape