Sometimes, a nematode worm just needs to take a nap. In fact, its life may depend on it. New research has identified a protein that promotes a sleep-like state in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Without the snooze-inducing molecule¹, worms are more likely to die when confronted with stressful conditions, report researchers in the March 7, 2016 issue of the journal GENETICS. The C. elegans sleep-like behavior is surprisingly similar to the sleep of humans and other mammals. In this state, the worm stops moving, relaxes, and uncurls its body. It also shows reduced neuronal activity and is less responsive to stimuli², but will then"wake up" if an experimenter pokes³ it too much. Like sleep-deprived humans, a worm that has been woken up repeatedly will fall back to sleep faster and will stay asleep longer than a well-rested worm.

 

The similarities are not just superficial: many of the molecules⁴ that regulate this process in C. elegans, including the epidermal⁵ growth factor receptor (EGFR), also influence sleep in mammals. This suggests that the worm sleep-like state is evolutionarily related to our own slumber⁶. Because C. elegans is easy to experimentally manipulate and has a simple nervous system, it can serve as a tool for understanding how human sleep-wake cycles are regulated.

 

Worms don't sleep on a day/night schedule like mammals. Instead, their sleep-like behavior occurs at specific stages during development; the worms enter this state each time they transition from one larval stage to another. They also sleep for several hours after a stressful event, including extremely hot or cold conditions or exposure to toxins⁷. If they don't get this post-stress nap, worms are less likely to survive the noxious⁸ event.

 

In the new research, the authors investigated whether a protein known to regulate rhythmic⁹ activities in C. elegans--like feeding, defecating, and reproducing--also regulates sleep. This protein, VAV-1, is active in a specific worm neuron that has previously¹⁰ been implicated¹¹ in promoting sleep-like states via EGFR.

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