Harbingers in the age of cloning

  In the spring of 1999, ACT's new troika sat down to discuss just how to venture into what's arguably the most controversial area in medicine today." We knew that we would have to fend¹ off attacks," recalls Lanza." But we never imagined all the insanity² that would come." Over the course of the next two years, the men would be called" mad scientists," " baby killers," and " monsters" ;their names would be added to antiabortion " assassination³" lists on the Web; the FBI would warn them of threats on their lives, and conservatives would push a bill through the House of Representatives declaring them federal criminals deserving of 10 years in prison and a $1 million fine.

克隆时代带路人

     1999年春天，先进细胞技术公司的新三巨头开始讨论如何开展现代医学界最有争议的研究。兰扎回忆说："我们料到肯定会有非议，但没想到会有那么激烈的反应。"接下来的两年中，他们被称作"疯狂科学家"、"婴儿杀手"、"怪物"；他们被列入网上反堕胎组织的"暗杀"名单；联邦调查局警告他们会有生命危险；保守派要求众议院通过法案，宣布他们是联邦罪犯，可判10年徒刑和处以100万美元罚款。

 The source of the hysteria is a widespread misunderstanding of just what an early embryo⁴ is, according to West, Cibelli, and Lanza. " If you ask the average person, they will tell you it's a tiny little person with buggy eyes," says West. " But, in fact, these are just a few reproductive cells, not much different than eggs or sperm⁵. They are the raw materials of life, but they are not a person."

    3人认为，这些激烈反应是由于人们对早期胚胎的误解。韦斯特说："如果你问普通人，他们会说那是个瞪着眼睛的小人儿。而事实上那只是几个复制的细胞，与卵子和精子没什么区别。他们是生命的初级材料，但并不是一个人"

 All three men are adamant⁶ that they are following the most moral path. " Three thousand Americans die every day of diseases that therapeutic⁷ cloning could treat," says Lanza." It would be wrong of us to abandon those people because we're afraid of controversy⁸." West is even more graphic⁹ about his beliefs. " I feel as if all my loved ones are trapped in a burning building, dying of diseases like diabetes¹⁰ and heart disease," he says. " I have the fire extinguisher -- the therapeutic cloning technology -- that can save them, but people are trying to take it out of my hands." And Cibelli is disgusted with the brouhaha. " Therapeutic cloning has to be done, and soon," he says. " Patients are all waiting for the public to get over the hype and fearfulness so that they have a chance to live."

    3人都坚信他们走的是正确的道路。兰扎说："每天有3000名美国人死于治疗性克隆可以治好的疾病。我们不能因为害怕争议就对这些人置之不理。"韦斯特说得更为形象："我觉得就好像自己的亲人被困在失火的房子里，正因糖尿病、心脏病等疾病而死去，我有灭火器--治疗性克隆技术--能够拯救他们，但人们却要把它从我手里夺走。"奇贝利对这些喧闹非常反感，"治疗克隆必须尽快进行，病人都期望公众能克服错误的宣传和恐惧，好让他们有生存的希望。"

   Because of the hostile climate, it took nearly two years for Cibelli to even begin the experiments. During that time, the partners searched for members to serve on an ethics¹¹ board and debated how to best go about getting donors¹² for both body cells and human eggs. One major turning point came in late September of 1999, when Cibelli met with Harvard professor Ann Kiessling, who agreed to help set up a program to collect eggs from women. Another breakthrough came in mid-2000, when Dartmouth's Green agreed to head ACT's ethics advisory¹³ board. Under their leadership, very strict guidelines were set up for the collection of eggs and body cells, which finally began early this year.

   由于反对声如潮，奇贝利光是开始实验就用了近两年的时间。在此期间，他们开始物色进入伦理委员会的人，讨论如何寻找人体细胞和卵子的捐赠者。第一个大转机出现在1999年9月底，奇贝利遇到哈佛大学教授安·基斯林，基斯林答应帮助他们建立一个收集妇女卵子的项目。另一大突破是在2000年中，达特茅斯学院的格林同意出任公司伦理咨询委员会的负责人。委员会为卵子和细胞的收集制定了严格的准则，收集工作于今年初正式开始。

　 With precious human eggs too few and far between, Cibelli spent his time between deliveries practicing the transfer of nuclear DNA¹⁴ from a half-dozen or so body cell donors into cow eggs just to perfect his technique.

   由于人类卵子娇贵而稀少，奇贝利通过将几个人体细胞捐赠者的细胞核DNA注入牛的卵子中来磨练技巧。

 On October 10, after removing the DNA from several human eggs, injecting them with DNA from body cells, and then tricking the eggs into thinking they had been fertilized¹⁵ so that they would begin the work of multiplying. But this time, Cibelli left the lab in a depressed¹⁶ mood. The eggs looked a little sickly, and he was convinced he had damaged them beyond repair. But when he called two days later from Michigan, his lab assistant gave him the news he had been wanting to hear for almost five years: The eggs were cleaving¹⁷ into the world's very first known human cloned embryos¹⁸.

　 10月10日，他将几个人类卵子中的DNA去除，注入人体细胞的DNA，使卵子以为已进入受精状态，开始繁殖。不过这次奇贝利沮丧地离开了实验室。因为卵子看起来有些病态，他以为它们已被自己损坏了。然而两天后他从密歇根打来电话，他的实验室助手却告诉他一个5年来一直盼望的消息:卵子分裂成了世界上第一批克隆人类胚胎。

 The ramifications¹⁹ They were only clusters of four and six cells, but in them ACT's scientists saw a revolution in medicine that will render many of today's drugs and treatments obsolete²⁰. Essentially²¹, cells yielded from human research cloning are the same stem cells that President Bush decided²² are promising²³ enough to fund, only better. Unlike existing stem cell lines, stem cells created through cloning would provide a patient with a fresh supply of cells with his or her own genetic²⁴ code. Gone would be transplant failures and the need for immune-suppressing drugs. In the same way that antibiotics²⁵ and vaccines²⁶ rid the world of infectious plagues a half century ago, says Lanza, these cells could for the first time eradicate²⁷ the chronic²⁸, degenerative diseases of our day, such as cancer, Alzheimer's, and heart disease.

  它们只是4个或6个细胞组成的细胞群，然而在先进细胞技术公司的科学家们看来，这却是能淘汰许多现代药物和治疗的医学革命。事实上，研究克隆的人类细胞与布什总统决定支持的干细胞研究是一样的，只是更好一些。与已有的干细胞不同，克隆生成的干细胞可以为病人提供有自己基因遗传密码的新鲜细胞。移植手术失败和抗免疫反应药物将成为过去。兰扎说，就像半个世纪前抗生素和疫苗使世界免受感染之苦一样，这些细胞可以第一次根治癌症、早老性痴呆症及心脏病等慢性病和变性疾病。

 Because body cells are rejuvenated²⁹ by an egg's proteins, therapeutic cloning would also tackle aging itself, replenishing the body with younger, more vigorous cells than even the most healthy cells already in place. And because DNA removed from a body cell can be tinkered with before it is placed into an egg, Lanza hopes someday to add factors -- genes³⁰ for immune cells, for example, that would make a patient resistant³¹ to AIDS.

    因为身体细胞有了卵子蛋白质带来的活力，治疗性克隆也可以对付衰老本身，它可以为身体注入比已有最健康的细胞更年轻、更有活力的细胞。由于人体细胞DNA在注入卵子之前可以进行修补，兰扎希望有朝一日能加入免疫细胞基因等因素，这样就能帮助病人抵抗艾滋病。

 It's still too early to say whether the United States will accept or reject therapeutic cloning. Cibelli and his colleagues still have mountains of work ahead of them. It takes not just an embryo but the nurturing³² of stem cells and the ability to transform those stem cells into specialized³³ types before any clinical applications can be used in humans.

　现在说美国是否会接受治疗性克隆还为时过早。奇贝利和他的同事还有成堆的工作要去做。要进行人类的临床应用，仅有胚胎是不够的，还需要干细胞的培养和将干细胞转化为特定类型的能力 U.S. News ＆ World Report）