Hardening of the arteries¹（动脉） has been detected in Egyptian mummies, some as old as 3,500 years, suggesting that the factors causing heart attack and stroke are not only modern ones; they afflicted²（苦恼，折磨） ancient people, too. Study results are appearing in the Nov. 18 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and are being presented Nov. 17 at the Scientific Session of the American Heart Association at Orlando, Fla.

"Atherosclerosis（动脉硬化） is ubiquitous（普遍的） among modern day humans and, despite differences in ancient and modern lifestyles, we found that it was rather common in ancient Egyptians of high socioeconomic status（社会经济地位） living as much as three millennia³（一千年） ago," says UC Irvine clinical professor of cardiology（心脏学） Dr. Gregory Thomas, a co-principal investigator⁴ on the study. "The findings suggest that we may have to look beyond modern risk factors to fully⁵ understand the disease."

The nameplate（铭牌，标示牌） of the Pharaoh Merenptah (c. 1213-1203 BC) in the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities⁶ reads that, when he died at approximately age 60, he was afflicted with atherosclerosis, arthritis⁷（关节炎）, and dental decay（龋齿）. Intrigued⁸ that atherosclerosis may have been widespread among ancient Egyptians, Thomas and a team of U.S. and Egyptian cardiologists（心脏科医师）, joined by experts in Egyptology（埃及古物学） and preservation⁹（保存，防腐）, selected 20 mummies on display and in the basement of the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities for scanning on a Siemens 6 slice CT scanner during the week of Feb. 8, 2009.

The mummies underwent whole body scanning with special attention to the cardiovascular system. The researchers found that 9 of the 16 mummies who had identifiable arteries or hearts left in their bodies after the mummification（木乃伊化） process had calcification（石灰化） either clearly seen in the wall of the artery¹² or in the path were the artery should have been. Some mummies had calcification¹¹ in up to 6 different arteries.

Using skeletal（骨骼的） analysis, the Egyptology and preservationist team was able to estimate the age at death for all the mummies and the names and occupations in the majority. Of the mummies who had died when they were older than 45, 7 of 8 had calcification and thus atherosclerosis while only 2 of 8 of those dying at an earlier age had calcification. Atherosclerosis did not spare women; vascular¹⁰ calcifications were observed in both male and female mummies.

The most ancient Egyptian afflicted with（患上，染上） atherosclerosis was Lady Rai, who lived to an estimated age of 30 to 40 years around 1530 BC and had been the nursemaid（育婴女佣） to Queen Ahmose Nefertiri. To put this in context, Lady Rai lived about 300 years prior to the time of Moses and 200 prior to（在……之前） King Tutankhamun (Tut).

In those mummies whose identities could be determined¹³, all were of high socioeconomic status, generally serving in the court of the Pharaoh or as priests（神父） or priestess. While the diet of any one mummy could not be determined, eating meat in the form of cattle, ducks and geese was not uncommon¹⁴ during these times.

"While we do not know whether atherosclerosis caused the demise¹⁵（死亡） of any of the mummies in the study, we can confirm that the disease was present in many," Thomas says.