A cancer vaccine¹ carried into the body on a carefully engineered, fingernail-sized implant²（深植，嵌入） is the first to successfully eliminate tumors in mammals, scientists report this week in the journal Science Translational Medicine. The new approach, pioneered by bioengineers and immunologists（免疫学者） at Harvard University, uses plastic disks impregnated（注入，浸渍） with tumor³-specific antigens（抗原） and implanted under the skin to reprogram the mammalian（哺乳动物的） immune system to attack tumors. The new paper describes the use of such implants⁴ to eradicate⁵（根除，根绝） melanoma（黑素瘤） tumors in mice.

"This work shows the power of applying engineering approaches to immunology（免疫学）," says David J. Mooney, the Robert P. Pinkas Family Professor of Bioengineering in Harvard's School of Engineering and Applied⁶ Sciences and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering. "By marrying engineering and immunology through this collaboration⁷ with Glenn Dranoff at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, we've taken a major step toward the design of effective cancer vaccines⁸."

Most cancer cells easily skirt（绕开，回避） the immune system, which operates by recognizing and attacking invaders⁹ from outside the body. The approach developed by Mooney's group redirects（重新传入，重定向） the immune system to target tumors, and appears both more effective and less cumbersome¹⁰（笨重的） than other cancer vaccines currently in clinical trials.

Conventional cancer vaccinations¹¹ remove immune cells from the body, reprogram them to attack malignant¹²（恶性的，有害的） tissues, and return them to the body. However, more than 90 percent of reinjected cells have died before having any effect in experiments.

The slender（细长的，苗条的） implants developed by Mooney's group are 8.5 millimeters in diameter and made of an FDA-approved biodegradable polymer（可生物降解的聚合物）. Ninety percent air, the disks are highly permeable（可渗透的） to immune cells and release cytokines（细胞生长抑制素）, powerful recruiters of immune-system messengers called dendritic cells（树突细胞）.

These cells enter an implant's pores, where they are exposed to antigens specific to the type of tumor being targeted. The dendritic cells then report to nearby lymph nodes（淋巴结）, where they direct the immune system's T cells to hunt down and kill tumor cells.

"Inserted anywhere under the skin -- much like the implantable contraceptives that can be placed in a woman's arm -- the implants activate¹³ an immune response that destroys tumor cells," Mooney says.

The technique may have powerful advantages over surgery and chemotherapy（化学疗法）, and may also be useful in combination with existing therapies. It only targets tumor cells, avoiding collateral¹⁴ damage（附带损害） elsewhere in the body. And, much as an immune response to a bacterium¹⁵ or virus generates long-term resistance, researchers anticipate cancer vaccines will generate permanent and body-wide resistance against cancerous cells, providing durable¹⁶ protection against relapse（复发）.

Mooney says the new approach's strength lies in its ability to simultaneously¹⁷ regulate the two arms of the human immune system: one that destroys foreign material and one that protects tissue native to the human body. The implant-based vaccine recruits several types of dendritic cells that direct destructive immune responses, creating an especially potent¹⁸ anti-tumor response.

"This approach is able to simultaneously upregulate the destructive immune response to the tumor while downregulating the arm of the immune system that leads to tolerance," Mooney says. "In cancer, this latter arm is typically a limiting feature of immunotherapies, since it can extinguish（消减） vaccine activity and afford tumors a degree of protection."