An Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientist is helping¹ to sort through the jumbled²（乱七八糟的） genetics of Echinacea（紫锥花属） , the coneflower（金花菊） known for its blossoms--and its potential for treating infections, inflammation, and other human ailments（疾病，小病） . Only a few Echinacea species are currently cultivated as botanical（植物学的） remedies（救济方法） , and plant breeders（植物育种家） would like to know whether other types also possess commercially useful traits. ARS horticulturist（园艺家） Mark Widrlechner, who works at the ARS North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station (NCRPIS) in Ames, Iowa, is partnering in research to find out how many distinct Echinacea species exist. Previous studies have put the number between four and nine species, depending on classification criteria⁴（分类标准） .

Working with Iowa State University scientists, Widrlechner selected 40 diverse Echinacea populations for DNA⁵ analysis from the many populations conserved⁶ at the NCRPIS. Most of these Echinacea populations were found to have a remarkable⁷ range of genetic³ diversity.

DNA analysis suggested that when much of North America was covered with glaciers⁸（冰川） , Echinacea found southern refuges on both sides of the Mississippi River. But when the glaciers receded⁹（后退，减弱） after thousands of years, the groups came together as they moved northward¹⁰ and began to hybridize（杂交，混合） , which might have blurred¹¹ previous genetic distinctions.

The research team also analyzed¹² the same populations for chemical differences in root metabolites（代谢物，代谢分子） . These metabolites, which are often essential for survival and propagation（传播，繁殖） , can vary widely among species and may have benefits for human-health.

Using this approach, researchers were able to identify clear distinctions among all 40 populations. These distinctions were organized into three composite profiles that accounted for almost 95 percent of the metabolite variation among the populations.

Additional analysis of metabolite variation indicated that the populations grouped together in ways that aligned¹³ well with earlier Echinacea species assignments that were based on plant morphology（植物形态学） . This work suggested that there were nine distinct species, not just four.

Results from this work were published in Planta Medica.