A study on the past extinction¹ of large mammals in India by the Wildlife Conservation Society, Duke University, and other groups has found that country's protected area system and human cultural tolerance² for some species are key to conserving³（保存，保持） the subcontinent（次大陆）'s tigers, elephants, and other large mammals. According to the study, the long-term survival of many large species in the midst of rapid economic growth will require improving existing protected areas and establishing new protected areas and corridors（廊道，走廊）.

The paper—recently published in the Proceedings⁴ of the Royal Society—is authored by: Krithi K. Karanth of Duke & Columbia University; James D. Nichols and James E. Hines of the USGS Patuxent Research Center; K. Ullas Karanth of the Wildlife Conservation Society; and Norman L. Christensen of Duke University.

"This study provides us with a roadmap for next steps for conservation in India," said Colin Poole, executive director of the Wildlife Conservation Society's Asia Program. "As India develops into a world economic power, it is critical that conservation planning is part of that expansion."

"India's rich diversity（多样性，差异） of wildlife is one of the country's great assets（财产，有利条件）," said Krithi K. Karanth, the study's lead author. "Our work highlights the perilous⁵（危险的，冒险的） state of wildlife in India and conservation priorities must help conserve⁶ the nation's natural heritage."

The researchers created models to estimate extinction probability for 25 large mammal species, determining current species distributions along with more than 30,000 historical records from natural history, taxidermy（标本录制术） and museum records dating back 200 years. The models were used to gauge⁷（估计，测量） how factors such as protected areas, forest cover, elevation⁸, and human demographics（人口统计资料）, and cultural attitudes impact extinction predictions.

The results of the analysis found that all 25 species would experience some level of local extinction due to a variety of factors such as habitat loss and human population growth and development. The study results confirmed that species do benefit from protected areas, especially large carnivores（食肉动物） such as tigers and other forest-dwelling（住处，寓所） animals such as Sambar（水鹿，黒鹿） deer. The species with the highest probable rates of extinction were large-bodied animals such as the wild buffalo⁹ (66 percent), habitat specialists such as the goat-like Nilgiri tahr (71 percent) and the swamp（沼泽，湿地） deer (90 percent), and rare species had higher probabilities of extinction such as the Asiatic lions of Gir Forest (96 percent).

Factors such as human densities¹⁰ did increase the probability of extinction for many species with the exception of adaptable¹¹ animals such as wild pigs, jackals（豺狼）, and blackbuck（印度羚）.

The authors point out that many species, including ones that exist outside of protected areas (mouse deer, four-horned antelope羚羊, sloth¹³ bear印度懒熊, wolf and others) and species that now occupy a tiny remnant（剩余） of former ranges (gaur印度野牛, elephant, rhino犀牛, Asiatic lion, tigers, etc.) will require new protected areas to ensure their persistence¹⁵.

"Our results highlight the need for an expansion of conservation planning to complement¹⁶ land use decisions and development," added Karanth.